Cell Structures

Question 1

Protoplasm

Answer 1

everything inside a cell, excluding cell wall

Question 2

Plasma membrane

Answer 2

phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable membrane

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

Contains DNA, ribosomes in nucleus

Question 4

Central Vacuole

Answer 4

contains water,salt,starch,crystals,proteins,fibers.stores nutrients and waste. allows for rapid cell growth.

Question 5

Cytoplasm

Answer 5

liquid inside the cells and organelles except the cell wall and vacuole

Question 6

Mitochondria

Answer 6

produce ATP, plant cells DO have these. Double membraned

Question 7

Plastids

Answer 7

found in all plants/algae. have inner and outer membrane. stroma filled with fluid. many functions

Question 8

Granum

Answer 8

stack of thylakoids

Question 9

chromoplasts

Answer 9

plastid responsible for coloring

Question 10

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 10

mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bactierum that came to live inside larger cells, thus becoming organelles

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

only non-membrane bound organelle in plants. involved in translation, making proteins

Question 12

Amyloplasts

Answer 12

plastids that store starches

Question 13

Etioplasts

Answer 13

chloroplasts that have not been exposed to light

Question 14

Elaioplasts

Answer 14

stores fats( L for lipids) and oils

Question 15

Chloroplasts

Answer 15

responsible for photsynthesis

Question 16

Endomembrane system consists of:

Answer 16

Rough ER, Smooth ER, golgi body, dictyosome(s)

Question 17

Rough ER

Answer 17

has ribosomes, performs protein synthesis

Question 18

Smooth ER

Answer 18

lacks ribosomes, makes lipids

Question 19

Dictyosome

Answer 19

make up the golgi body.

Question 20

Golgi body

Answer 20

many dictyosomes. stores, modifies, sorts and packs proteins for further transport.

Question 21

Microbodies

Answer 21

Peroxisomes - break down byproducts of photosynthesis (plants) or food products (animals)
Glycoxysomes - convert fats into sugars (only in plants!)

Question 22

Primary Cell Wall

Answer 22

allow for rigidity and strength, height. Microfibrils in random arrangement.
Cellulose: 30% - Beta 1,4 linked glucan
Hemicellulose: 25% - produced in dictyosomes, transported to PM in vesicles
Pectin: 35% - helps to bind cells together. Regulates water. Found in middle lamella
Proteins: 10% - main protein is called extensin. They form rod-like structures and strengthen the wall

Question 23

Secondary Cell Wall

Answer 23

restricted to specialized cells – rigid, impermeable to water, layered with ordered structure allows for maximum strength
Cellulose -50%
Hemicellulose – 30%
Lignin – 20%
Protein – trace
Usually trace or no pectin

Question 24

Anthocyanin

Answer 24

vacular pigments that give off red, purple, blue colors

Question 25

Carotenoid

Answer 25

vacular pigments giving off red, orange, and yellow colors

Question 26

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Answer 26

the movement of fluid throughout the cell, distributing organelles and dissolved nutrients

Question 27

Druse

Answer 27

crystals within plants that provide defense against predation due to their toxicity

Question 28

Granum

Answer 28

a stack of thylakoids

Question 29

MIddle lamella

Answer 29

the layer of adhesive pectin substances that acts as a glue that holds cells together