Cell Structures and Functions

Question 1

What are the taxonomic domains?

Answer 1

Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya

Question 2

What are the similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

One or more chromosomes, Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm

Question 3

Where is DNA contained in Eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

The nucleus

Question 4

Where is DNA in Prokaryotes

Answer 4

in the nucleoid, not membrane-bound

Question 5

What is the difference in internal structure between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 5

Eukaryotes have a cytoplasm with specialized structures called organelles

Prokaryotes do not have compartmentalized structures

Question 6

What is the size range of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Answer 6

eukaryotes are larger (10-100um)

prokaryotes are smaller (~1 um)

Question 7

What is the general role of the nucleus and ribsomes

Answer 7

genetic control

Question 8

what is the function of the endomembrane system?

Answer 8

manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown

Question 9

what is the general function of the mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 9

energy processing

Question 10

what is the general function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 10

structural support, movement, communication

Question 11

Describe the main function of the nucleus and what cells its found in

Answer 11

The nucleus is where most DNA is found and it acts as the genetic control center of the cell

it is found in both plant and animal cells

Question 12

what are the various components of a nucleus?

Answer 12

The nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin

Question 13

What is the nuclear envelope

Answer 13

it is composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers with pores that control the passage of materials in and out of the nucleus

it is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 14

It is the site of rna synthesis

Question 15

What is chromatin?

Answer 15

Thin fibers of DNA which carry all hereditary information + Protein

Question 16

What is the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 16

It modifies proteins and membrane components/ materials into their finished forms

Question 17

What is the general relationship of the endomembrane system

Answer 17

proteins and molecules move from the endoplasmic reticulum where they are synthesized through the golgi and finally out to the plasma membrane

Question 18

What is the nucleus-endoplasmic reticulum complex?

Answer 18

it builds complex membranes, synthesizes proteins and prepares them for secretions. They are then sent to the golgi apparatus to be finalized

Question 19

what are membrane-bound vesicles

Answer 19

they allow transport between organelles and the plasma membrane.

Question 20

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 20

a network of membranes sacs +tubes that are active in membrane synthesis, synthetic, and metabolic processes

Question 21

Whats the difference between Rough and Smooth ER

Answer 21

Rough ER has ribosomes that modify proteins to be shipped

Smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis of lipids, fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids

it also detoxifies molecules

Question 22

What are lysosomes

Answer 22

They act as floating garbage disposals for cells, digesting and recycling cellular waste products and consumed materials

Question 23

What are peroxisomes

Answer 23

they are oxidative organelles that rid the body of toxic substances that produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product

Question 24

what are Central vacuoles?

Answer 24

They are found in mature plant cells and hold organic compounds and water

Question 25

What are flagella and Cilia

Answer 25

Cilia are short projections that beat swiftly to move fluid along and past a cell Flagella are long, microtubule-based structures that move cells through their environment. (Found in animals)

Question 26

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 26

Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells they harvest energy to be used for cellular functions

Question 27

What are chloroplasts

Answer 27

they are the sites of photosynthesis and use light energy to build sugars ( found in plants)

Question 28

What are the similarities in chloroplasts and mitochondria

Answer 28

they are not a part of the endomembrane system they have a double membrane contain their own DNA have proteins made by free ribosomes involved in energy metabolism arose by endosymbiosis

Question 29

What is the plasma membrane

Answer 29

all cells have a plasma membrane they hold the contents of a cell in place, takes in food and nutrients, aids in building and exporting molecules, allows interactions with the environment and neighboring cells

Question 30

What are ribosomes

Answer 30

granular bodies in the cytoplasm that convert genetic information into protein structure

Question 31

what are cell walls

Answer 31

they protect and give shape to the cell

Question 32

what is a centrosome

Answer 32

it is a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles

Question 33

What is the plasmodesmata?

Answer 33

They are specialized openings in the cell wall of plants that connect cytoplasm of adjoining cells

Question 34

what is the purpose of the central vacuole in plants?

Answer 34

nutrient storage, waste management, predator deterrence, sexual reproduction, physical support

Question 35

What is endocytosis

Answer 35

the transport of molecules into the cell

Question 36

what is the role of intermediate filaments?

Answer 36

They have roles in cell shape and anchoring the nucleus and organelles they are stable, not dynamic

Question 37

What is the role of microtubules?

Answer 37

they have roles in intracellular transport, cell division, cell motility, and are highly dynamic

Question 38

What are the extracellular components and what is its general role?

Answer 38

cell walls of plants the extracellular matric of animals and intercellular junctions they help cells coordinate cellular activities

Question 39

What are the functions of the extracellular matrix in animal cells?

Answer 39

Support, Adhesion, Movement, Regulation

Question 40

What are the functions of cell walls in plants

Answer 40

maintain cell shape, protect cells, and prevent excess water uptake

Question 41

What are junctions

Answer 41

they are facilitators of communication between neighboring cells

Question 42

What do tight junctions do

Answer 42

they prevent the leakage of EC fluid across cells (animals)

Question 43

what do desmosomes do

Answer 43

they fasten cells together in strong sheets (animals)

Question 44

What do gap junctions do?

Answer 44

provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another (animals)

Question 45

what do plasmodesmata do?

Answer 45

They are specialized openings in the cell walls of plants that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining cells

Question 46

What are some other membrane proteins?

Answer 46

Receptor proteins for signal translation enzymes (catalysts for biochem reactions) cell-cell recognition intercellular joining (tight junctions) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix gap junctions (provide cytoplasmic channels from cell to cell) desmosomes: fasten cells into tight sheets

Question 47

What are the functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 47

mitochondria created ATP through cellular respiration cholorplasts create sugar energy through photosynthesis light energy

Question 48

what is phagocytosis

Answer 48

lysosomes digest material derived from two other routes: phagocytosis and autophagy