CELL TYPES AND CELL MODIFICATION Flashcards
1
Q
are group of similar cells which perform a definite function
A
Tissues
2
Q
types of animal tissues
A
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
MUSCLE TISSUES
NERVE TISSUES
3
Q
cover body surfaces.
A
Epithelial Tissues
4
Q
Outer layer of skin and the lining of organs
A
Epithelial Tissues
5
Q
Also found in glandular tissue
A
Epithelial Tissues
6
Q
Play roles in absorption, filtration, secretion, and protection against foreign substances
A
Epithelial Tissues
7
Q
Usually fit closely together in continuous sheets
A
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
8
Q
Exception: glandular epithelium
A
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
9
Q
______ (Have no blood supply of their own)
A
Avascular
10
Q
How do they get nutrients? (EPITHELIUM)
A
If well nourished, epithelial cells regenerate themselves easily.
11
Q
Have one free (unattached) surface or edge called the apical surface
A
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
12
Q
Exposed to body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ
A
Apical surface
13
Q
Lower surface of an epithelium rests on a ______
A
basement membrane
14
Q
Structureless material secreted by both the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells
A
basement membrane
15
Q
Classification of Epithelium - first :
A
First: indicates relative number of cell layers
16
Q
______ (one layer of cells)
A
Simple
17
Q
________(more than one cell layer)
A
Stratified
18
Q
Classification of Epithelium - second
A
Second: describes the shape of cells
19
Q
_______ (cells flattened like scales)
A
Squamous
20
Q
_______ (cube-shaped)
A
Cuboidal
21
Q
_______ (shaped like columns)
A
Columnar
22
Q
tissue is composed of flat, scale-like cells that usually forms membranes
A
Simple Squamous Epithelium
23
Q
It lines the walls of blood vessels, pulmonary alveoli (shown here), and the lining of the heart, lung, and peritoneal cavities.
A
Simple Squamous Epithelium
24
Q
This tissue is composed of a single layer of cube-like cells.
A
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
25
It lines the walls of kidney tubules, covers the surface of ovaries, and is common in glands and their ducts.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
26
This tissue is composed of a single layer of tall cells.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
27
It often includes mucus-producing goblet cells.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
28
It often lines the digestive tract.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
29
Although this tissue appears stratified, it is actually composed of a single layer of cells of different types.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
30
Although their nuclei are found at different levels, each cell adjoins the basal membrane (BM).
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
31
This tissue lines the larger respiratory passageways
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
32
It is often ciliated (arrows).
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
33
Main functions: absorption and secretion
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
34
Ciliated variety lines respiratory tract
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
35
Mucus produced by goblet cells traps dust and other debris
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
36
Cilia propel mucus upward and away from the lungs
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
37
The term “__________” refers to the layered arrangement of cells.
stratified
38
The outer layers of cells appear flat, but the inner cells vary in shape from cuboidal to columnar.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
39
serves as a barrier to the outside environment in locations such as the skin, mouth, and esophagus.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
40
is found in the ducts of sweat glands and surrounds Graafian follicles of ovaries.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
41
Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
Transitional Epithelium
42
It lines organs of the urinary system.
Transitional Epithelium
43
Some epithelial membranes are made up of cells with cilia, tiny projections that beat in unison to move mucus along the surface.
Ciliated Epithelium
44
in the trachea, for example, sweep debris out of the respiratory tract.
Ciliated Epithelium
45
A_______ is defined as one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
gland
46
Two major gland types
endocrine gland
exocrine gland
47
Ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels
Endocrine gland (Glandular Epithelium)
48
All secretions are hormones
Examples include pituitary, pancreas, ovaries, teste
Endocrine gland (Glandular Epithelium)
49
Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
Exocrine gland (Glandular Epithelium)
50
Include sweat and oil glands
Exocrine gland (Glandular Epithelium)
51
Binds structures together
Connective Tissue
52
Provides support & protection
Connective Tissue
53
Fills spaces
Connective Tissue
54
Produces blood cells
Connective Tissue
55
Stores fat
Connective Tissue
56
For energy, insulation, organ protection
Connective Tissue
57
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
adipose
Dense connective tissue
Regular
irregular
Reticular connective tissue
58
Lies between other tissues or between organs binding them
Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue
59
Cells made of fibroblasts – large, star-shaped cells
Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue
60
Contains many white fibers (strong and flexible) and yellow fibers (very elastic)
Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue
61
is a type of loose connective tissue
Adipose tissue
62
stores fats, provides insulation
Adipose tissue
63
found beneath skin, around kidney & heart, breast
Adipose tissue
64
Consists of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers
Regular - Dense Connective Tissue
65
Found in tendons & ligaments
Regular - Dense Connective Tissue
66
Binds organs together
Regular - Dense Connective Tissue
67
Bundles run in different direction
Irregular - Dense Connective Tissue
68
Found in inner portion of skin
Irregular - Dense Connective Tissue
69
The cell (chondrocytes) lies in small chambers called lacunae
Cartilage
70
The cell (chondrocytes) lies in small chambers called ___
lacunae
71
Matrix is solid yet flexible
Cartilage
72
_____ is solid yet flexible
Matrix
73
Lacks direct blood supply, as a result, it heals slowly
Cartilage
74
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage-trachea
- Elastic cartilage – ear
- Fibrocartilage - ACL
75
Most rigid of the connective tissues
Bones
76
Minerals and protein fibers gives ____ rigidity, elasticity and strength
Bones
77
two types of bones
Compact bone
Spongy bone
78
Found in the outer portion of long bones
Compact Bone
79
Consists of many cylindrical-shaped units called osteon
Compact Bone
80
Found on ends of long bone
Spongy Bone
81
Contains bony bars and plates called trabeculae separated by irregular spaces
Spongy Bone
82
Blood cells are made within the red marrow found in the ____
Spongy Bone
83
Connective tissue composed of cells suspended in liquid matrix called plasma
Blood
84
carries oxygen
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
85
White blood cells (leukocytes
White blood cells (leukocytes)
86
fragment of giant cells found in bone marrow
Platelets
87
This tissue is characterized by properties that allow movement.
Muscle tissue
88
____cells are excitable; they respond to stimulus.
muscle
89
They are contractile, which means they will shorten and generate a propulsion force.
Muscle tissue
90
The three types of muscle tissue are the following:
1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac
91
It is a voluntary muscle.
Skeletal muscle
92
tissue has regularly arranged bundles.
Skeletal muscle
93
It is anchored by tendons and is used to affect _________ movement, such as locomotion, and maintain posture
skeletal muscle
94
The muscles have a reflex action but can also respond to conscious control.
Skeletal muscle
95
is an involuntary, non-striated muscle with tapered ends that lacks striations.
Smooth muscle
96
It is found within the walls of blood vessels such as arteries and veins.
Smooth muscle
97
muscle is also found in the digestive system, urinary tract and in the trachea.
Smooth muscle
98
It is responsible for involuntary rhythmic contractions of peristalsis, required for moving food down the alimentary canal, and for the dilation and construction of blood vessels to control blood pressure
Smooth muscle
99
is the major type of tissue constitutes the walls of the heart.
Cardiac muscle
100
It is an involuntary muscle that is striated in appearance and contains intercalated disc.
Cardiac muscle
101
connects at branching, irregular angles
. Cardiac muscle
102
The connected branches help with coordinated contractions of the heart.
Cardiac muscle
103
Coordinates, regulates, and integrates body functions.
Nervous Tissue
104
Cells making up the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are classified as_______.
nervous tissue
105
In the peripheral nervous system the _______ forms the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, which include the sensory and motor neurons
nervous tissue
106
composed of nerve cells known as neurons and glial cells that perform as support cells
Nervous Tissue
107
These neurons perceive stimuli and transmit electrical signals all over the animal body.
Nervous Tissue
108
The dendrite is the part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons while the axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons.
Nervous Tissue
109
Have one free (unattached) surface or edge called the _____
apical surface
