Cells

Question 1

Why do cells change?

Answer 1

Grow and differentiate jobs

Question 2

Is cell changing normal?

Answer 2

Minor alterations are normal

Question 3

Do abnormal changes always mean tumors or cancer?

Answer 3

No, abnormal changes doesn’t necessarily mean permanent cell/tissue damage, tumors or cancer

Question 4

Is it okay to have atypical cells?

Answer 4

Yes!

Question 5

Is it okay to have abnormal cells?

Answer 5

No, because they could be cancerous

Question 6

How do cells change?

Answer 6

Size, number, type

Question 7

What are changes in size?

Answer 7

Atropy and Hypertrophy

Question 8

Atrophy

Answer 8

Decrease in cell size

Question 9

Hypertrophy

Answer 9

increase in cell size

Question 10

What causes atrophy?

Answer 10

Decreased use, decreased blood supply, decreased nutrition, and in tissues and organs, it can cause cell shrinkage or death

Question 11

What causes hypertrophy?

Answer 11

Cells adapt to their environment such as inflattion and hormones (like bloating on your period), overuse of an organ or tissues, can also be normal physiological response

Question 12

What causes cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 12

Mycardial fibers increase in size due to increased workload

Question 13

Change in numbers

Answer 13

Hyperplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia

Question 14

Hyperplasia

Answer 14

increase in number of cells

Question 15

What causes Hyperplasia?

Answer 15

Increase in cell division

Question 16

Dysplasia

Answer 16

Increase in number of atypical cells

Question 17

Atypical cells with Dysplasia

Answer 17

abnormal cell size, shape or organization

Question 18

What type of cells does dysplasia occur in?

Answer 18

Mature cells only

Question 19

Anaplasia

Answer 19

increase in number of abnormal cells (cancer)

Question 20

What happens to cells in anaplasia

Answer 20

Cells lose unique characteristics that define them as certain types of tissue

Question 21

Change in cell type

Answer 21

Metaplasia and Neoplasia

Question 22

Metaplasia

Answer 22

Change one type of mature cell type to a different mature cell type

Question 23

Neoplasia

Answer 23

“New growth” tumor

Question 24

What is the exact definition of Neoplasia

Answer 24

New growth

Question 25

Neoplasm means

Answer 25

tumor/cancer

Question 26

What is cancer

Answer 26

uncontrolled proliferation of cells that express varying degrees of fidelity to their precursors

Question 27

What are the two types of cancer

Answer 27

Benign and Malignant

Question 28

Benign Tumors

Answer 28

Cells grow as a compact mass and remain at their site of origin

Question 29

Malignant

Answer 29

Growth of cells is uncontrolled and cells can spread into surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites

Question 30

Cell injury

Answer 30

cell is exposed to an injurious agent or stress, a sequence of events follows

Question 31

Is cell injury reversable?

Answer 31

Up to a certain point

Question 32

Cell death

Answer 32

If stimulus persists or is severe enough from the beginning

Question 33

Can cell injury lead to cell death?

Answer 33

Yes, if a cell suffers irreversable cell injury

Question 34

What are the two types of cell death?

Answer 34

Apoptis and Necrosis

Question 35

When does apoptis occur?

Answer 35

occurs when a cell dies throuh programmed cell death

Question 36

What does Apoptis do?

Answer 36

Eliminates unwanted cells when development is abnormal

Question 37

When does necrosis occur?

Answer 37

occurs after ischemia?chemical inury

Question 38

What is ischemia?

Answer 38

Deficit of exygen

Question 39

Is necrosis always pathological?

Answer 39

Yes!

Question 40

What are the types of necrosis?

Answer 40

Liquefactive, coagulative, fat, caseous, and gangrenous necrosis

Question 41

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 41

Dead cells liquify

Question 42

What often causes liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 42

bacterial infections and sometimes fungal

Question 43

What happens to the tissue during liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 43

Tissue turns into a liquid viscous mass

Question 44

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 44

Occurs when cell proteins are altered

Question 45

What is the process of coagulation?

Answer 45

Cooking an egg

Question 46

Fat necrosis

Answer 46

Enzymes break down fatty tissue into fatty acids

Question 47

What does fatty necrosis look like?

Answer 47

Chalky white areas

Question 48

Caesos Necrosis

Answer 48

Type of coagulative necrosis, seen in tuberculosis infection

Question 49

What does Caesos Necrosis look like?

Answer 49

Type of coagulative necrosis, seen in tuberculosis infection

Question 50

What does caseous necrosis look like?

Answer 50

Yellowish "sheesy" appearance

Question 51

Gangrenous Necrosis

Answer 51

Limb has lost blood supply and has undergon coagulation necrosis

Question 52

What if gangrenous necrosis is wet?

Answer 52

Coagulation and liquefactuve necrosis

Question 53

What is water?

Answer 53

Medium in which reactions/processes take place, transportation system of the body

Question 54

How much of the adult body weight is water?

Answer 54

60%

Question 55

How does age affect the total body water?

Answer 55

Infants have about 70% TBW (TBW decreases in older adults

Question 56

How does sex affect the TBW

Answer 56

females typically have higher fat

Question 57

How does fat affect the TBW

Answer 57

fat means a lower proportion of water

Question 58

Individuals with ___ are more likely to be adversely affected by any fluid or electrolyte imbalance

Answer 58

Less fluid reserve

Question 59

What are the fluid compartments?

Answer 59

Intracellular fluids and extracellular fluids

Question 60

Where are intracellular fluids found

Answer 60

Fluid within the cell

Question 61

Extracellular fluids are found

Answer 61

outside of the cell

Question 62

Why does balance in these compartments matter?

Answer 62

Homeostasis

Question 63

Intracellular fluids are

Answer 63

inside cell, 2/3 of fluid volume

Question 64

Extracellular fluids are

Answer 64

Intravascular fluids (1/4 of fluid) and intestinal fluid (3/4)

Question 65

What are other transcellular fluids?

Answer 65

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), various secretion, lymphatic fluid, synovial and serous cavities

Question 66

What is the movement of water?

Answer 66

Amount entering should equal amount leaving

Question 67

What do the cell membranes do to keep homeostasis?

Answer 67

Cell membranes are selectively permeable, so they maintain appropriate concentrations of substances by active and passive processes

Question 68

What separates the intra vascular fluid and intracellular fluid?

Answer 68

The cell membrane!

Question 69

Is osmosis passive or active?

Answer 69

Passive!

Question 70

How do fluids circulate through the body?

Answer 70

FIlitration and osmosis

Question 71

Filitration

Answer 71

movement of water and solutes from high pressure to low pressure

Question 72

Osmosis

Answer 72

movements of water from high water to low water concentration or low solute to high solute concentration

Question 73

How does water move between IVF and ISF compartments?

Answer 73

Hydrostatic Pressure and Osmotic pressure

Question 74

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 74

tends to push watter and solutes out of IVF and into ISF

Question 75

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 75

tends to push water and solutes into to IVF and out of ISF