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Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is harm reduction?

A

Public health strategy to reduce negative consequences

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2
Q

What is harm reduction usually associated with

A

Drug use

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3
Q

What kind of strategies are associated with harm reduction?

A

Prevention, risk reduction, and health promotion

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4
Q

In the context of pharmacology, what does harm reduction do?

A

potential risks and adverse effects associated with the use of pharmaceutical drugs

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5
Q

Why is harm reduction important? (name four)

A

Lower adverse effects
Prevent overddose
Promote safe use practices
Address difference between depending and addiction
Reduce transmission and infections
Educate and make people aware
Promote access to healthcare

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6
Q

Limitations of “just say no” strategies

A
  • May be unrealistic and not address unique challenges that play into drug use such as social, economic, and psych influences
  • May lack specific and practical strategies
  • May create an environment of shame
    -May not address community wide of public health concerns
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7
Q

Harm Reduction strategies…

A
  • Acknowledge that individuals have different needs, experiences, and circumstances
  • Aim to minimize harm associated with drug use with practical strategies like education, safe use practices, and access to healthcare services
    -Goal of building trust and open communication for non-judgmental support
  • Focus on public health outcome by addressing the causes of drug-related issues
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8
Q

Both … and … efforts can be complementary and address the complexities of drug-related issues

A

harm reduction and prevention

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9
Q

What social environmental factors are there for drug use?

A

Peer influence and social pressure

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10
Q

What economic factors are there for drug use?

A

Poverty and disparities (Drugs can be a coping mechanism for people economic hardships), access and availability (Economic disparities can cause for people to turn to substance use if drugs are available)

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11
Q

What cultural factors play into drug use?

A

Cultural attitudes (if a culture accepts drug use more, they are more likely to turn to it) and media/pop culture (media portrayal of drugs influences your perceptions of drugs)

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12
Q

What family environment factors play into drug use?

A

Family dynamics (familial structures, communication mpatterns, and relationships and lack there of may make people vulnerable to drug use) and parental substance use (children of parents who abuse substances may be at a higher risk of substance use due to genetic factors, modeling behaviors, or exposure to substance in the home)

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13
Q

Psychological factors?

A

Stress and trauma (substance abuse as a coping mechanism) and mental health conditions (drugs as a self-medication or alleviate symptoms)

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14
Q

Community influences?

A

Community norms (communities wehre drugs are normal may create an environment where drugs are more acceptable) and access to treatment/prevention services (lack of access to resources can limit someone’s availability to get help)

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15
Q

How does education and awareness minimize adverse effects?

A

Help people find out about risks and side effects

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16
Q

How to responsibly use drugs

A

-FOLLOW PRESCRIPTIONS
-Pay attention to dosage and instructions
-Ask healthcare professionals about concers/side effects

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17
Q

Adverse effects: Avoid Mixing Substances

A
  • Using multiple substances at once can increase the risk of adverse effects
    -Drug interactions may be harmful
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18
Q

Adverse effects: Use in safe environment

A
  • Reduce risk of accidents by using substances in safe and controlled areas
  • Avoid using substance in situation that may increase the risk of injury or death
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19
Q

Adverse effects: Safe practices

A
  • Safe injection practices (Use clean needs, don’t share equipment to minimize infection)
  • Safe smoking practices (avoid sharking smoke device and ensure proper ventilation)
  • Testing of drugs before use when not received from pharmacy
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20
Q

Adverse effects: Know your limits

A

Know the substance and set limits (don’t let yourself escalate to harmful levels)

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21
Q

Adverse effects: Regular Monitoring

A

Health check-ups: Regular medical check-ups can help identify and address health issues related to drug use

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22
Q

Adverse effects: Emergency preparedness

A

Naloxone training (if using opioids, knowing how to identify an overdose and Naloxone can be lifesaving

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23
Q

Adverse effects: Mental health

A

Address underlying issues (if drug use is linked to a coping mechanism for anxiety or mental health, help finding drug issues) and seeking professional help for assistance

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24
Q

Adverse effects: Community resources

A

Know what local treatment and support is available and engaging in prevention programs to help educate and create awareness of issues with drug use

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25
Simple definition of dependency
physical dependence on a substance
26
Long definition of dependency
Neurochemical dy-regulation of the Mesolimbic Dopamine system (aka the medical forebrain bundle)
27
What symptoms are associated with depedency?
Tolerance and withdrawl
28
Can you be dependence without being addicted?
YES
29
Addiction is...
Genetics affect how the brain regulates the pathways (chemical disposition)
30
How to know if someone is addicted?
Marked by change in behavior due to biochemical changes in the brain due to prolonged substance use
31
Can you be addicted without being dependent?
YES
32
Can dependency and addiction be co-occurring or look the same?
YES
33
How to tell if someone is dependent or addicted
Look at family history or characteristics during the recovery process
34
What is substance use disorder?
Disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and causes for someone to not be able to control the use of medicine or illegal substances
35
Substance use disorder is influenced by...
Genetics and environmental factors
36
What is your reward circuit?
Collection of brain structures and neutral pathways that are responsible for associative learning, motivation and desire, and emotions with a positive value
37
What is your ventral tegmental area?
-Introduction of the reward circuit
38
What makes up the VTA?
dopamine neurons, GABA neurons and some glutamatergic neurons
39
How does the reward circuit work
Dopamine is released by VTA, directed to dopamine receptors, establish in the nueclue accumbens through the mesolimbic pathway, and prefrontal contex through the mescoritical pathways and amygdala and hippocampus (all parts of the cerebral structure helps to induce addiction)
40
What is pharmacology?
Branch of medicane concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs
41
What is drug therapy?
Directly linked to the pathophysiology of a particular disease
42
What is the importance of pharmacology in healthcare? (name 4/5)
-Treatment of diseases and conditions -patient care and wellness, -prevention of disease pain management -understanding drug interactions -Personalized management -Public health initiatives -Research and development -Regulation and safety -Global impact on health
43
Pharmocokinetics
What the body does to a drug
44
What does pharmocokinetics focus on?
Understanding how the body processes a drug over time, influencing its concentration in the bloodstream and at target sites
45
What is the focus of phamocodynamics?
Understanding the biochemical and physiological effects of a drug on the body and the relationship between drug concentration and response
46
What is pharmocodynamics?
What the drug does to the body
47
Are both pharmocodynamics and pharmacokinetics important?
Yes because they help us understand how drugs work in a biological system and are essential for optimizing drug therapy in clinical practice
48
What is absorption?
How the drug enters the blood stream from the site of administration
49
What is distribution?
How the drug is transported throughout the body by the bloodstream, reaching various tissues and organs
50
What is metabolism
- Biotransformation - How the body chemically alters the drug to form metabolites that are more easily excrated
51
What is excretion?
How the drug and it's metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through urine, feces, breath, and sweat
52
What is receptor binding?
How the drug interacts with specific receptors in the body, influencing cellular and physiological functions
53
What are dose-response relationships?
Relationship between the dose of a drug and the effects, including the minimum effective dose, maximum therapeutic effect, and toxic
54
What is potency?
Refers to the amount of drug needed for a specific effect
55
What is efficacy?
Maximal therapeutical effect a drug can produce
56
What is duration of action?
How long the drug's effects persist in the body
57
What is a drug?
Substance that alters biological activity
58
Where do drugs come from?
- Plants, animals, microorganisms isolated and refined in a lab - Refined and mass produced by man
59
How are drugs classified?
By effects
60
What therapeutic actions come from drugs?
Stimulating or inhibiting cell function
61
What is the generic name of a drug and an example?
Unique, official, simple name for a specific drug EX: Acetaminophen
62
What is a trade, proprietary, or brand name?
What name we would call the drug EX: Tylenol
63
What is the chemical name?
Chemical componate EX: N-(4-hydroxypheny) acetamine
64
Can drugs have many different effects?
YES, can have more that one effect on the body
65
Indication definition
Approved for uses to treat conditions for which the drug has been proved to be effective
66
What is an off-lable
uses for which the drug has shown effect by is not the approved use
67
What are contraindications?
Circumstances under which a drug should not be administered
68
What are side-effects?
Mild, undesirable effects of a drug even at the recommended dose
69
What are adverse or toxic effects?
Drug effects that are dangerous, cause significant tissue damage
70
Examples of adverse effects?
Hypersensitivity, idiosyncratic, Iatrogenic, and Teratogenic
71
What is Hypersensitivity?
Allergic reactions
72
What is Idiosyncratic (paradoxic) reactions
Unusual responses to a drug
73
What are Iatrogenic effects?
Negative effects associated with administration of drug
74
What are teratogenic effects?
Harmful effects on fetus, developmental defects
75
What determines the route of a drug?
nature of the drug, patient's condition, and desired therapeutic effects
76
Oral (PO)
Medication taken by mouth
77
Intravenous (IV)
Meds injected into the bloodstream
78
Intramuscular (IM)
Meds injected into muscels
79
Subcutaneous (SC, SQ)
Meds injected into tissue just below the skin
80
Topical
Meds applied directly onto the skin
81
Inhalation
Meds delivered directly respiratory system
82
Rectal (PR)
Medication is introduced to the body through the rectum
83
Intrathecal or epidural
Meds delivered directly into spinal cord
84
What are drug interactions?
Drug effect modified by combination with another drug
85
What is synergism?
Effect of drug combination may be greater than the sum of the effects of an individual drugs (were more effective when taken together)
86
What is potentiation?
Type of synergism, one drug enhances the effect of a drug without significant effect on it's own (when one drug is taken, it does okay, but when taken with another drug, does significantly better)
87
Antagonism
Combined effect is less than the sum of individual effects and one drug counteracts or diminishes the effect of another (do worse when taken together)
88
PRN stands for?
As needed (pro re nata)
89
Hx stands for?
History
90
Rx stands for?
Prescription, treatment
91
OTC stands for?
Over the counter
92
ADR stands for?
Adverse drug reaction
93
Sig stands for?
Instructions for taking the meds (signa)
94
What does the FDA do?
Enforces guidelines for manufactures to ensure safety and effectiveness of medication, under direction of deparment of health and human services
95
What does the Drug enforcement administration do? (DEA)
- Prevent illegal distribution and misues or controlled substances - Issues liscenses and enforces the nation's drug law
96
What did the comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act II do?
- Est. DEA in 1970 - enforce laws covering controlled substances and their distribution - Created stair-step categories of controlled substances (schedules IV)
97
What are controlled substances?
Commonly known as narcotics
98
What are narcotics?
Derived from opium or opium like substances
99
Where does opium come from and what does it effect
Comes from poppy seed plants and has analgesic effects; also affects mood and behavior
100
What substances are opiods?
Codeine and morphine and opioids
101
What is the rating of scheduled substances?
Rating based on potential for abuse
102
What is the C-I rating and examples?
Strongest potential for abuse, no medicinal use in the US EX: LSD, heroin, and marijuana
103
What is the C-II rating and examples?
High potential for abuse, use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence, considered dangerous EX: Adderal, cocaine, hydrocodone, Methamphetamine, Oxycontin
104
What is the C-III rating and examples?
Moderate to low potential for psychological or physical dependence EX: Ketamine, Anabolic steroids, Testosterone
105
What is the C-IV rating and examples?
low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence EX: Xanax, Darvocet, Valium, Ambien, Tramadol
106
What is the C-V rating and examples?
Lower potential for abuse, these are generally OTC medications EX: Robitussin, Lyrica, Motofen
107

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