Cells

Question 1

tissues

Answer 1

group cells that are similar in structure and function

Question 2

all cells have these three main regions

Answer 2

nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma/cell membrane

Question 3

what is the function of the plasma membrane

Answer 3

barrier for all cell contents
controls what enters and leaves the cell.
double phospholipid layer
contains cell receptors, proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins.

Question 4

tight junctions

Answer 4

bind cells together into leak proof sheets

Question 5

gap junctions

Answer 5

allow for communication between cells

Question 6

desmosomes

Answer 6

anchoring junctions prevent cells from being pulled apart

Question 7

hydrophilic vs hydrophobic

Answer 7

(in plasma membrane) hydrophilic heads - loves water
hydrophobic tails - hate water

Question 8

microvilli

Answer 8

increase surface area for absorption

Question 9

selective permeability

Answer 9

let’s some molecules in but not others as a protective measure

Question 10

passive transport

Answer 10

doesn’t require energy
high concentration to low concentration
with the gradient

Question 11

active transport

Answer 11

requires ATP
low to high concentrations
up/against the gradient

Question 12

cytoplasm

Answer 12

cell liquid
located outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane

Question 13

organelles

Answer 13

little organs
metabolic machinery
specific functions throughout the cell

Question 14

inclusions

Answer 14

chemical substances such as stored nutrients and cell products

Question 15

cytosol

Answer 15

fluid that suspends other elements

Question 16

functions of mitochondria

Answer 16

powerhouse of the cell
change shape continuously
provides ATP for cellular energy
carry out cellular respiration so oxygen is used to break down food

Question 17

ribosomes

Answer 17

sites for protein synthesis
made of protein and RNA
found on rough ER and in the cytoplasm

Question 18

rough ER vs smooth ER

Answer 18

rough ER - studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins
smooth ER - functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

Question 19

golgi apperatus

Answer 19

modifies and packages proteins.
(secretory vesicles, lysosomes, cell membrane components)

Question 20

lysosomes

Answer 20

contains enzymes that digest worn out or unusable materials in the cell
packaged by golgi apparatus and produced by ribosomes

Question 21

peroxisomes

Answer 21

able to detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde
membranous sacs of oxidose enzymes

Question 22

cytoskeleton

Answer 22

provides cell with internal framework
network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

Question 23

what are the three types of elements in the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest?

Answer 23

microfilaments (smallest)
intermediate filaments
microtubules (largest)

Question 24

centrioles

Answer 24

rod shaped bodies made of microtubules
direct the formation of miotic spindle during division

Question 25

cellular projections

Answer 25

used for movement

Question 26

cillia

Answer 26

move materials across the cell structure located in respiratory system to move mucus

Question 27

flagella

Answer 27

propel the cell only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm

Question 28

nucleus

Answer 28

control center of the cell contains genetic material (DNA)

Question 29

nuclear envelope/membrane

Answer 29

consists of a double membrane ribosomes migrate through nucleic pores in the cytoplasm

Question 30

nucleoli

Answer 30

sites of ribosome assembly migrate through nucleic pores

Question 31

chromatin

Answer 31

thin and stringy composed of DNA and protein present when cell is not dividing condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides

Question 32

interphase

Answer 32

cells grow and carry out metabolic processes

Question 33

cell division

Answer 33

cell replicates itself

Question 34

what are the stages of cell division in order

Answer 34

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Question 35

prophase

Answer 35

centrioles migrate to the poles to direct the assembly of the miotic spindle fibers DNA appears as double stranded chromosomes nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears

Question 36

metaphase

Answer 36

chromosomes align in the center of the cell

Question 37

anaphase

Answer 37

chromosomes are pulled apart on opposite sides of the cell cells begin to elongate

Question 38

telophase

Answer 38

chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin spindles break down and disappears

Question 39

cytokinesis

Answer 39

furrow forms to pinch the cells into two genetically identical daughter cells begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase

Question 40

genes

Answer 40

blueprint for one protein blueprint for all life

Question 41

fibrous/structural proteins

Answer 41

building materials for cells

Question 42

globular/functional

Answer 42

act as enzymes, biological catalyst, hormones and antibodies

Question 43

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 43

carries instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

Question 44

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 44

transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosomes for building the protein

Question 45

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 45

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

Question 46

what are the steps of protein synthesis?

Answer 46

1. as protein is synthesized on ribosome it migrates into the rough ER cistern 2. in the cistern the protein folds into its functional shape 3. protein is packaged in a transport vesicle 4. transport vesicle travels to golgi apparatus for further processing

Question 47

transcription

Answer 47

transfer of information from DNA base sequences to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA

Question 48

translation

Answer 48

base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence

Question 49

solution

Answer 49

homogeneous mixture of two or more components

Question 50

solvent

Answer 50

dissolving medium; typically water in the body

Question 51

solute

Answer 51

components in smaller quantities within a solution

Question 52

intracellular fluid

Answer 52

nucleoplasm and cytosol

Question 53

interstitial fluid

Answer 53

fluid on the exterior of the cell

Question 54

diffusion

Answer 54

particles tend to distribute evenly within a solution high to low concentration

Question 55

simple diffusion

Answer 55

unassisted process solutes are lipid soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

Question 56

osmosis

Answer 56

diffusion of water highly polar water molecules pass easily across the plasma membrane through aquaporins

Question 57

carrier meditated facilitated diffusion

Answer 57

protein carrier that is specific for one chemical will bind causing a shape change in the transport process that carries the chemical across the membrane doesn't require energy

Question 58

channel meditated facilitated diffusion

Answer 58

channel within the protein allows ions and larger molecules to pass through the concentration gradient

Question 59

facilitated diffusion

Answer 59

passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient selective process

Question 60

filtration

Answer 60

water and solutes are forced through membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure pressure gradient must exist so solute containing fluid is pushed through high pressure area to low pressure area ex: kidneys

Question 61

hypotonic solution

Answer 61

low solute high water cells swell and burst cytosis water moves from outside the cell to inside the cell

Question 62

hypertonic solution

Answer 62

high solute low water cells shrink water moves from inside the cell to outside the cell (plasmolysis)

Question 63

isotonic solution

Answer 63

same level of solute and water water moves equally in both directions cell stays the same (dynamic equilibrium)