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cells Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

what is an organelle

A

an organelle is the name given the the structures inside of a cell. for example nucleus vacuole or chloroplasts

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2
Q

what are the structure inside of an animal cells

A

an animal contains a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and mitochondria

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3
Q

name the structures inside of a plant cell

A

a plant cell contains a nucleus, a cell wall, a cell membrane, chloroplasts, a vacuole, a cytoplasm, ribosomes and mitochondria

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4
Q

what is mitochondria

A

mitochondria are the power houses of cells. they convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. they are found in the cytoplasm and are the sites of aerobic respiration

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5
Q

what are ribosome

A

ribosome can be found in the cytoplasm and are responsible for protein synthesis which is where amino acids are assembled into proteins

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6
Q

name the structures inside a bacterial cell

A

a bacterial cell contains a capsule, a cell wall, a cell membrane, a cytoplasm, genetic material, a plasmid and ribosomes

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7
Q

what is the function of a capsule

A

a capsule provides additional protection from the environment

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8
Q

what is the function of a cell wall

A

a cell wall provide the cell with shape and support. it’s made of cellulose in plant cells but different material in bacterial and fungal cells

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9
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

a cell membrane controls what substances enter and leave the cell

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10
Q

what is the function of genetic material

A

genetic material is made of dna and controls the activities of the cell

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11
Q

what is the function of a plasmid

A

a plasmid is small circular pieces of dna found in bacterial cells

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12
Q

what is the function of a cytoplasm

A

a cytoplasm is where chemical processes take place and is controlled by enzymes

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13
Q

name the structures in a fungal cell

A

a fungal cell contains a cell wall, a cell membrane, a cytoplasm, a nucleus and a vacuole, ribosomes and mitochondria

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14
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast

A

a chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis in a plant cell

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15
Q

what is the function of a vacuole

A

a vacuole is a large cell sap-filled space in fungal and plant cells

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16
Q

what is the cell membrane made of

A

a cell membrane is made up of a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins. the cell membrane is selectively permeable

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17
Q

what can proteins do in a cell membrane

A

proteins can be attached to the surface, be embedded in the the bilayer, span the whole bilayer and form channels in the lipid bilayer

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18
Q

what is the structure of the cell membrane knows as

A

the fluid mosaic model

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19
Q

explain why glucose sugar can move across the cell membrane but not starch

A

The cell membrane is selectively per-
meable, so small molecules can pass
through but larger molecules cannot.
Glucose is a small molecule so can
pass through but starch is much larger
and cannot

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20
Q

name the green pigment found inside chloroplasts

A

chlorophyll

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21
Q

which type of cell lacks a nucleus

A

bacterial cell

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22
Q

which types of cells have a cell wall

A

a plant cell, a bacterial cell and a fungal cell

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23
Q

list three differences between a plant cell and an animal cell

A

a plant cell contains chloroplasts, a vacuole and a cell wall but an animal cell doesn’t

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24
Q

name the basic unit of life

A

cells

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25
give a definition of diffusion
diffusion is the movement of molecule down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of concentration until the concentration become equal. diffusion is passive and does not require energy
26
state the definition of a concentration gradient
a concentration gradient is the different in concentration that exits between and area of high concentration and an area of low concentration
27
what the definition of passive transport
passive transport occurs down a concentration gradient and does require energy. diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport
28
why is diffusion important
diffusion is important because it’s the main way that substances move over short distances in organisms
29
name 2 substances that move by diffusion
into the cell - glucose, oxygen and amino acids out the cell - CO2
30
what is the definition of osmosis
osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. osmosis is passive so does not require energy
31
if a leaf cell is placed in diluted salt solution and is equal to dilute salt solution what would happen
there would be no net gain or water loss and the cell remains unchanged
32
Describe what would happen to a red blood cell when placed in a strong salt solution and in pure water
Strong salt solution = low water, so water will leave the cell (higher water concentration) causing the cell to SHRINK Pure water = high water concentration so water enters causing it to BURST
33
Describe what would happen to a leaf cell when placed in a pure water and a strong salt solution
Pure water = high water concentration so water enters cell by osmosis causing it to become turgid (large vacuole + cell membrane pushed against cell wall) Strong salt solution = low water, so water will leave the cell (higher water concentration) causing the cell to become Plasmolysed (small vacuole, cell membrane away from cell wall)
34
what is the definition of active transport
active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a low to a high concentration and always requires energy
35
where are genes located
genes are located on chromosomes in the nucleus
36
what is DNA
dna is a double stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs and carry the genetic information that codes for making proteins
37
what are the 4 different types of based within a DNA strand
a - adenine t - thymine c - cytosine g - guanine
38
what do the 4 bases of DNA do and who do then pair with
these bases make up the genetic code. A pairs with T. G pairs with C
39
what is the function of a gene
a gene is a section of DNA which codes for a protein. chromosomes can therefore be thought of as chains of genes
40
what are proteins made of
amino acids
41
reasons why the sequence of bases on a dna molecule important
the sequence of bases in a gene determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein. which determines the shape and function of the protein.
42
what are 5 functions of a protein.
structural proteins, enzymes, receptors, hormones, antibodies
43
4 properties of an enzyme
made of proteins, biological catalysts, have an active site, react with a substrate to make proteins
44
what is a protein
a protein is a chain of amino acid molecules
45
what is mRNA
mRNA is a molecule which carries a completely copy of the code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome where the protein is assembled from amino acids
46
what is a chromosome
a chromosome is threadlike structure made of DNA
47
name two types of enzyme reactions
synthesis and degradation
48
why are sequences important in protein shapes and functions
protein shapes and functions are determined by the sequence of amino acids
49
what is a structural protein and name an example
structural proteins can be a component of the membrane surrounding a living cell. they are found in the membranes surrounding the cell structures such as the nucleus. they have an important role in providing support. examples can include spider silk, feathers and bone
50
what are hormones and what’s an example
hormones are chemical messengers. they are transported in an animals blood to target tissues where they have their effect. examples include insulin and growth hormone
51
what is antibodies
antibodies defend the body against infection. they are made by a special type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte. they are Y-shaped molecules
52
what is a receptor and name examples
receptors receive chemical signals from outside the cell. they are found in the cell membrane. examples include neurotransmitters and hormones
53
what are enzymes and what’s an example
enzymes are biological catalysts. they are specific, speed up reactions in cells and remain unchanged. there is a special active site on an enzyme molecule which attaches to the molecule on which the enzyme works. examples include amylase and pepsin
54
give an example of an enzyme reaction
catalase hydrogen peroxide —-> water + oxygen
55
what are the two types of enzyme controlled reactions and definitions
degradation reactions - large complex substrate molecules are broken down by enzymes synthesis reactions - small simple molecules are biol into large complex ones
56
name 4 substrates going into enzymes and then products
starch -> amylase -> maltose protein -> pepsin -> amino acids hydroge peroxide -> catalase -> oxygen and water fat -> phosphorylase -> starch
57
what does optimum mean
temperate and pH at which an enzyme works best
58
what does denatured mean
when the active site permanently changed shape and is no longer complementary to the substrate
59
what does synthesis mean
when an enzyme joins two substrates to form one product
60
what does degradation mean
when an enzyme breaks down one substrate into two products
61
what does specific mean
one enzyme will only catalyse one reaction
62
what is an active site
part of the enzyme that the substrate molecule attaches to and is a complementary shape to it
63
what is a substrate
reactant in a reaction specific to an enzyme
64
what is a product
the molecule made by a reaction
65
what can proteins and enzymes be affected by
temperature and pH
66
what happens when an enzyme is denatured
enzyme will change shape and will affect the rate of reaction

biology (7 decks)

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