cells

Question 1

Cell is the smallest unit of life
All organisms are made of one or more cells Cells only arise from other cells

Answer 1

cell theory

Question 2

The basic unit of life, capable of performing all life processes

Answer 2

cell

Question 3

contains genetic material and controlls cellular activities

Answer 3

nucleus

Question 4

The gel-like substance where cellular processes occur contains organs or organelles

Answer 4

cytoplasm

Question 5

the outter boundary-selective barrier

Answer 5

plasma membrane

Question 6

metabolic mechanary -Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions (e.g.,
mitochondria, ribosomes
they can be mebranous or nonmembranous

Answer 6

organelles

Question 7

substances found outside the cell

Answer 7

extracellular material

Question 8

fluid surrounding the cell, cells are bathed in this orginates from blood plasma

Answer 8

intersital fluid

Question 9

the liquid component of blood

Answer 9

blood plasma

Question 10

fluid surrounding the nervous system organs

Answer 10

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 11

fluid that aids in digestion and some that act as lubricants-salavia mucus

Answer 11

cellular secretions

Question 12

acts as a glue binds cells together-helps them attach and communicate

Answer 12

extracellular matrix

Question 13

this hold everything in the cell from the membrane to the nucleus

Answer 13

cytoplasm

Question 14

selective permiable
aids in communication-has recptors for signiling molecule
protection

Answer 14

plasma membrane

Question 15

contains protine and sugar(carbs) to hold cell together

Answer 15

plasma membrane

Question 16

a layer of glycoproteins and glycolipids that surrounds the cell membrane

Answer 16

glycocalyx

Question 17

ways to cross the plasma membrane

Answer 17

passive and active transport

Question 18

requires no energy

Answer 18

passive transport

Question 19

requires energy

Answer 19

active transport

Question 20

3 types of passive transport

Answer 20

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

Question 21

the natural movement of molecule from an area of high concentration to low concentration-refered to as moving down concentration gradient

Answer 21

simple diffusion

Question 22

when larger or non lipid molecule can cross the membrane with assistance of carrier molecules

Answer 22

facilitated diffusion

Question 23

facilitated diffusion2 types

Answer 23

carrier mediated
channel mediated

Question 24

substances bond to protines that are too large to cross-bond specifically

Answer 24

carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

Question 25

substances move through water filled channels called aquaporins

Answer 25

channel mediated facilitated diffusion

Question 26

in channel mediated diffusion when channels are always open

Answer 26

leakage channels

Question 27

in channel mediated diffusion when channels are controlled by chemical or electrical signals

Answer 27

gated channels

Question 28

the movement of solvent such as water across the membrane through aquaporins

Answer 28

osmosis

Question 29

pressure exerted by water against the membrane

Answer 29

hydrostatic pressure

Question 30

the tendency for water to move into the cell

Answer 30

osmotic pressure

Question 31

the abilityof a solutionto change the shape or tone of the cell by altering the cells internal water volume

Answer 31

tonicity

Question 32

the same osmolarity as inside the cell

Answer 32

isotonic solution

Question 33

higher osmolarity outside the cell-causes shrinkage

Answer 33

hypertonic solution

Question 34

low somarity outside the cell causing water to flow in

Answer 34

hypotonic solution

Question 35

requires energy and carrier protines to bind with substances being moved against contration gradient

Answer 35

active transport

Question 36

different types of active transport

Answer 36

primary and secondary

Question 37

uses atp as energy-example sodium potasium pump moves substances against concentration gradient

Answer 37

primary active transport

Question 38

uses energy supplied in primary transport moves substance against concentration gradient

Answer 38

secondary active transport

Question 39

used in secondary transport- antiporters

Answer 39

move one substance into the cell while transporting another out

Question 40

used in secondary transport-symporters

Answer 40

transports two different substances in the same direction

Question 41

involves the transport of large particules, macromolecules and fluid across the membrane in sacs

Answer 41

vesicular transport

Question 42

2 types of vesicular transport

Answer 42

endocytosis exocytosis

Question 43

endocytosis

Answer 43

into the cell

Question 44

excotytotis

Answer 44

move substances out of the cell

Question 45

endocytosis 3 types

Answer 45

pinocytosis phagocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 46

phagocytosis

Answer 46

cell eating

Question 47

pinocytosis

Answer 47

cell drinking

Question 48

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 48

substances bind to specific recptors

Question 49

cytoplasm functions and structor

Answer 49

site of metabolic reactions provides a support for organelles-provides amedium for orangelles to interact with storage-contains nutrients and waste products

Question 50

cytoplasm is composed of

Answer 50

inclusions-insoluble molecules cytosol organelles

Question 51

inculsions of cytoplasm

Answer 51

glycogen granueles pigments lipids vacuoles

Question 52

powerplant/power house-produces most of the cells energy molecules ATP through cellular respiration

Answer 52

mitochondra

Question 53

Involved in protein and lipid synthesis-extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes

Answer 53

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 54

rough er

Answer 54

involved in protine synthesis-rough because of ribosomes

Question 55

smooth er

Answer 55

speeds up-catalyzes reactions lipid and steriod synthesis

Question 56

found in cardiac and skelatal muscles

Answer 56

smooth er

Question 57

golgi apparatus

Answer 57

priciple traffic director Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell

Question 58

abundant in glands

Answer 58

golgi apparatus

Question 59

sepherical membranous-Contain enzymes for digestion of cellular waste.-demolition crew

Answer 59

lysosomes

Question 60

spherical membranous containing a powerful enzymes that oxides and detoxifies harmful substances

Answer 60

peroxisomes

Question 61

membranous organelles

Answer 61

mitochondria er golgi apparatus peroxisomes lysosomes

Question 62

non membranous organelles

Answer 62

ribosomes cytoskeleton centrioles

Question 63

Sites of protein synthesis small granuel of ---

Answer 63

ribisomes

Question 64

the cells skeleton acts as cells bones, muscles, and ligiments by supporting cellular structor 3 types of rods microfilimant, intermediate filimant, and microtubules

Answer 64

cytoskeleton

Question 65

function in cell reporduction aid in the distribution of chromosomes-forms base of cilia flagelle

Answer 65

centroles

Question 66

aid in movement of materials across the cell

Answer 66

cilia

Question 67

aid in movement of the cell

Answer 67

flagella

Question 68

increase surface area for absorption

Answer 68

microvilli

Question 69

largest organelle

Answer 69

nucleus

Question 70

redblood cells are

Answer 70

anucleus

Question 71

skeletal muscle and bone cells are

Answer 71

multinucleus

Question 72

houses dna-for protine synthesis controls cell growth and reproduction

Answer 72

nucleus

Question 73

necleous

Answer 73

synthesis ribosomal rna

Question 74

diviso=ion of a nucleous in which duplicated DNA is distributed to a new daughter cell. produces all cells beside gametes-sex cells

Answer 74

mitosis

Question 75

special type of cell devision that happens in sex cells or gametes

Answer 75

meiosis

Question 76

3 phases of the cell cycle

Answer 76

interphase mitiotic phase cytokineses

Question 77

the cell grows and duplicates its dna

Answer 77

interphase

Question 78

the division of the cytoplasm finishing the process

Answer 78

cytokinesis

Question 79

the division phases of cell cycle

Answer 79

prophase metaphase anaphase telephase

Question 80

chromatin shorten and thicken to become chrosomes centrioles move to opposite side of cell spindle fibers form nuclear membrane and nucleoulos no longer visable chromatin turns to chrosomes

Answer 80

prophase

Question 81

centromeres seperate anbd spindle fibers shorten to pull chromosomes towards centrioles at opposite end of the cell.This is where the spindle fibers pull away and seperate the joined chromatides

Answer 81

anaphase

Question 82

chrosomes align along the center of the cell thread like spindle fibers come out of centrioles and attach to to the centromere of the chromosome.

Answer 82

metaphase

Question 83

chromosomes uncoil to become long filiments of chromatin the nuclear membrane and nucleous reappear, division of the cytoplasm daughter cells form and enter interphase

Answer 83

telephase

Question 84

these cells do notdivide effenciently, damaged cells are replaced with scar tissue

Answer 84

skeletal, cardiac, and nerve cells

Question 85

warehouse-used to store food enzymes and other materials

Answer 85

vacuoles