Cells Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Prokaryotic Ribosomes
A
70s
Larger subunit 50s
Smaller subunit 30s
2
Q
Eukaryotic ribosomes
A
80s
Larger subunit 60s
Smaller subunit 40s
3
Q
Plastids
A
1.Proplastid
2.Leucoplast
-Amyloplast
-Elaioplast
-Proteinoplast
3.Etioplast
-Chromoplast
-Chloroplast
4
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have histones?
A
No
5
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have chromatin or chromosomes?
A
No
6
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have hydrogen pumps?
A
Yes
7
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have sodium/potassium pumps?
A
No, they don’t.
8
Q
Do eukaryotic cells have a capsule?
A
No
9
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton?
A
Yes
10
Q
Types of chromatin
A
Euchromatin (Genetically expressible, active, transcribable and loose)
Heterochromatin (Genetically inactive, and dense)
11
Q
What is the relationship between the nucleus and the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A
The rough endoplasmic reticulum’s membrane is physically continuous with the membrane of the nucleus
12
Q
Centrisome consists of ____ (how much) centrioles.
A
2
13
Q
How many microtubules make up one centrisome?
A
54
14
Q
How many microtubules make up one centriole?
A
3 x 9 =27
15
Q
Do animal cells have vacuoles?
A
Yes small ones
16
Q
Organelles with double membranes
A
Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Chloroplast
17
Q
Facial Bones
A
My mouth’s palate never liked zucchini in vinegar
2x Maxilla
Mandible
2x Palatine
2x Nasal bones
2x Lacrimal
2x Zygomatic bones
2x Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
18
Q
Cranial bones
A
2x Parietal bones
2x Temporal bones
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
19
Q
The circular structure inside the nucleus that is responsible for making ribosomes
A
Nucleolus
20
Q
Fuction of nucleolus
A
80s ribosomes synthesis
21
Q
Mitochondria has __ membranes. Their structure are ___
A
- The outer membrane is permeable but the inner membrane (cristae) is impermeable to small molecules.
22
Q
Proteins made in the secretary pathway are meant for _____
A
ER, Golgi, Plasma membrane, Lysosomes, or outside of the cell
23
Q
Peroxisomes’ function
A
Oxidases break down fats and amino acids to produce hydrogen peroxide.
Catalases breakdown hydrogen peroxide.
24
Q
Microtubules are made out of ____ proteins.
A
Tubulin
25
Many tubulins made up the _____ .
Microtubules
26
Microtubules’ structure
Alpha tubulin + Beta tubulin = Dimer.
Many dimers = Microtubules
27
What structures are made of microtubules?
Mitotic spindles, cilia, flagella, centrioles, and centrisome
28
What a the terminology for the motion of flagella
Undulating motion or propeller-like motion.
29
Microtubules Organizing Centre (MTOC)
1. Centrioles
2. Basal body: Cilia and Flagella
30
Are microtubules dynamic?
Yes
31
Are intermediate filaments dynamic?
No
32
What structures are ad of intermediate filaments?
Keratin, and nuclear lamina
33
Microfilaments are also called ___ filaments.
Actin
34
Vesicles are transported around the cell by ______.
Microtubules
35
Cells’ individual gross movement is carried out by ______ filaments.
Actin or micro
36
Microfilaments’ monomer is called “____”
Actin
37
The shape of the cell is governed by _____
Microfilaments
38
Phagocytes’ pseudopodia is made by the movement of ______ inside the cell.
Microfilaments
39
Cell junction types
1. Tight junction
2. Gap junction
3. Desmosomes
4. Hemi-desmosomes
5. Plasmodesmata
40
Algae is a _______
Protist
41
Protist examples
Algae, euglena, amoeba
42
Carotenoids
1. Xanthophylls
2. Carotenes
3. Lycopenes
4. Astaxanthin
43
Xanthophylls
Lutein, Zeaxanthin
44
What is Lutein?
A carotenoid found in chromoplast
45
Leucopasts have _____ structures.
Tubular
46
Leucoplasts’ function
Storage and synthesis of
Amyloplast: starch
Proteoplast: proteins
Elaioplast: Lipid
47
Plastids are found in _____
Protists and plant cells
48
What organelles are not considered as non-organelles?
Ribosome, cytoskeleton, centrosome, nucleolus, proteosome
49
Types of micro bodies
Peroxisomes
Glyoxysomes
Glycosomes
50
Where do micro bodies come from?
Pre-existing micro bodies or the endoplasmic reticulum.
51
Peroxisomes’ function
Lipid metabolism and detoxification by oxidases: they oxidize toxic substances, and fatty acids
Lipid synthesis
Removal of hydrogen peroxide by catalases to prevent oxidative damage.
52
What are peroxisomes?
Microbodies involved in the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide
## Footnote
Peroxisomes are essential for lipid metabolism and synthesis of bile acids, especially in liver cells.
53
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
Breakdown of long-chain fatty acids through B-oxidation and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide.
Lipid metabolism and bile-acids synthesis.
Detoxification is facilitated by the enzyme catalase.
54
Where are peroxisomes located?
Cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells.
They are especially concentrated in kidney and liver cells.
55
How are peroxisomes formed?
From the endoplasmic reticulum and other pre-existing peroxisomes
This process involves the growth and division of existing peroxisomes.
56
What are the two main enzymes found in peroxisomes?
* Oxidases
* Catalase
Oxidases oxidize toxic materials and fatty acids, while catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide; the by product of oxidases catalyzed reactions.
57
What role do peroxisomes play in liver and kidney cells?
Detoxify alcohol and other harmful substances
## Footnote
This is crucial for maintaining cellular health.
58
Glyoxysomes function
Convert stored fats into sugars during germination
59
What is fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids are not static. They can move laterally, or flip.
60
What is cholesterol’s function in the plasma membrane?
It acts as a fluidity buffer. It wedges between phospholipids, preventing tight packing, and allowing fluidity, but it also acts as glues preventing dispersion of the phospholipids.
61
62
Do endocytosis and exocytosis require ATP?
Yes
63
Different types of channel proteins
1. Voltage-gated channel
2. Ligand-gated channel
3. Mechanical-gated channel
4. Leaky channel
64
Types of transport proteins
1. Channel proteins
2. Transporter proteins
65
Are there passive transporters?
Yes
66
True or false: All transporter proteins use ATP.
False
67
True or false: All transport proteins are integral proteins.
True
68
True or false: A transport protein can be a monotopic integral protein.
False
69
Different types of integral proteins
Trans membrane integral proteins (span the entirety of the membrane)
Monotopic integral protein (Only embedded in one side of the membrane)
70
Types of carbohydrates on the plasma membrane
1. Glycoproteins
2. Glycolipids.
Combination of them is called the glycocalyx.
71
Which molecules can pass the cell membrane and which molecules cannot?
Hydrophobic molecules such as sterols can easily pass through the membrane.
Small polar molecules such as water can technically pass through the membrane but it is so inefficient that transport proteins are required. Larger polar molecules are more difficult to pass.
Charged particles (ions) cannot pass the membrane.
72
Virus Structure
1. Nucleic Acid (genetic material)
2. Capsid made from capsomeres (protein)
3. Envelope **optional**
-made from membrane (phospholipid) and glycoproteins
-not all viruses have one
73
Virus shapes
1. Helical
2. Icosahedral
3. Complex shape
74
Different types of viral (bacteriophage) life cycles
Lyric cycle
Lysogenic cycle
75
How can a virus infect a cell?
1. Direct injection (Bacteriophage)
2. Envelope-plasma membrane fusion (HIV)
3. Receptor mediated endocytosis (Influenza)
4. Direct penetration/ pore formation (Polio)
5. Mechanical damage (Tobacco mosaic virus)
76
HIV structure
HIV is a retrovirus and it has a enveloped icosahedral shape
1. Viral genome ( 2 single stranded linear RNA)
2. Enzymes: integrase, reverse transcriptase, and proteases
3. Capsid
4. Membrane
5. Envelope
6. Glycoproteins
77
How do HIV particles enter the cell?
Via envelope to plasma membrane direct fusion
78
Describe the infectious process of the human immunodeficiency virus.
- envelope helps the virus fuses with the targeted cells
- reverse transcriptase makes double stranded DNA from single stranded RNA
- integrase integrates the DNA into the host cell genome
- HIV can now be transcribed by the cell
- Enzyme protease helps prepare the HIV, making them mature and infectious, by cleaving the long chains polypeptide into smaller functional ones
- HIV leaves the cell and takes the host membrane to from an envelope
79
Prokaryotic cells do not have ______ in their plasma membrane.
1. Cholesterol
80
The region inside prokaryotes where the DNA is stored
Nucleoid
81
Types of pili and function
Sex pili: Allow chromosomes to transfer between bacteria
F-Factor: fertility factor produces sex pili
Locomotive pili: motion
Fimbriae: Adhesion/Cohesion, motion
82
Bacterial shapes
Cocci- ball shaped
Bacilli- Rod shaped
83
Arrangements of cocci and bacilli
84
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria
85
Cell junction types
1. Tight junction
2. Gap junction
3. Desmosome
4. Hemidesmosome
5. Plasmodesmata
86
Tight junction features and where will u find it?
Water tight seal connecting two cells, water, and ions cannot pass through.
Intestines, and bladder
87
Desmosome features and where will u find it?
Connect via cytoskeleton and hold two cells together like a Velcro
- strongest type of cel junction but water and ions can flow through
- skin, intestines and cardiac muscles
88
Gap junction
A tunnel between two cells allowing fluid to flow through cells
Cardiac cells, and neurons
89
Plasmodesmata features and where will u find it?
Found in plant cells
Allows Cytosol to flow through different cells
90
Extracellular matrix components and function
Components
1. Proteins
- Collagen
- Fibronectin
- Elastin
2. Glycosaminoglycans (Long chains of polysaccharides with amino sugars)
3. Glycoconjugates (Carbs linked to proteins and lipids)
Function
1. Holding cell together to form a tissue
2. Cell communication
3. Cell migration
91
92
Cell signaling
types of receptors
1. Internal receptors
2. External receptors
93
Internal receptor types
1. Cytosolic receptors
2. Nucleus receptors
94
Epinephrine transduction cascade
Receptor: ______
Secondary messenger: ________
1. beta adrenergic receptor (g protein coupled receptor)
2. cAMP
95
Depict the epinephrine transduction cascade step by step
1. Epinephrine binds to the G protein coupled beta adrenergic receptor.
2. While g-protein typically holds a GDP, it holds GTP when it is activated by the GPCR.
3. Activated G protein activate the enzyme adenyl cyclase in the plasma membrane, which catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP.
4. cAMP acts as a second messenger which binds to the enzyme kinase A.
5. Enzyme kinase A phosphorylates other proteins and eventually the cell response will be delivered.
6. The response depends on what kind of cell it a.
96
