Biological Molecules Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Most abundant biological molecules in the human body
A
- Oxygen (65%)
- Carbon (18.5%)
- Hydrogen (9.5%)
- Nitrogen
2
Q
Major elements
A
ကဲရပ်ပါ စာဆို ကလိုမက်
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
3
Q
Boron
A
Trace
4
Q
Chromium
A
Trace
5
Q
Cobalt
A
Trace
6
Q
Copper
A
Trace
7
Q
Fluorine
A
Trace
8
Q
Iodine
A
Trace
9
Q
Iron
A
Trace
10
Q
Manganese
A
Trace
11
Q
Molybdenum
A
Trace
12
Q
Selenium
A
Trace
13
Q
Silicon
A
Trace
14
Q
Tin
A
Trace
15
Q
Vanadium
A
Trace
16
Q
Zinc
A
Trace
17
Q
Bromine
A
Non-essential
18
Q
Lithium
A
Non-essential
19
Q
Aluminum
A
Non-essential
20
Q
Lead
A
Non-essential
21
Q
Mercury
A
Non-essential
22
Q
Arsenic
A
Non-essential
23
Q
Cadmium
A
Non-essential
24
Q
Gold
A
Non-essential
25
Silver
Non-essential
26
Barium
Non-essential
27
Bismuth
Non-essential
28
Thallium
Non-essential
29
Gallium
Non-essential
30
Scandium
Non-essential
31
What is this?
Phosphate group
32
What enzymes and what molecules are needed to carry out phosphorylation?
Kinase
33
What enzyme and what molecules are needed to carry out dephosphorylation?
Phosphatase and water
34
What does adding a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to a molecule do?
Add a negative two charge.
35
What does dephosphorylation do to a molecule?
Remove a negative two charge.
36
What is the following molecule?
Beta-glucose
37
What is the following molecule?
Alpha glucose
38
What is the following molecule?
Alpha glucose
39
What is this molecule?
Beta mannose
40
What is this molecule?
Beta mannose
41
What is this molecule?
Alpha fructose
42
What is this molecule?
Beta fructose
43
What is the bond between a disaccharide?
Glycosidic bond
44
What is this molecule?
Alpha-1,4-maltose
45
What is this molecule?
Alpha-1,2-sucrose
46
What is this molecule?
Beta-1,4-lactose
47
Cellulose bond
Beta-1,4-glycosidic bond
48
Starch made of ?
Amylopectin (branched) Alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond and Alpha-1,6-glycosodic bond
Amylose (not branched) Alpha 1,4-glycosidic bond
49
Chitin’s monomer
N-acetylglucosamine
50
Protein’s primary structure bond
Peptide bond between carboxyl group and amino group
51
Protein secondary structures and the bond
- Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
- Hydrogen bond between carboxyl group and amino group
52
Protein’s tertiary structure bonds
Bonds are between the R-groups.
1. Disulfide bridge (Cysteine)
2. Ionic bond
3. Hydrogen bond
4. Hydrophobic interactions
5. London dispersion forces
6. Salt bridges
53
Amino acids that have sulfur
Cysteine, Methionine
54
Amino acids with a single codon without degeneracy
Tryptophan, and Methionine
55
Amino acids that can form disulfide bridges
Cysteine
56
Quaternary Structure Bond
Bonds are between different polypeptides.
1. Disulfide bridge (Cysteine)
2. Ionic bond
3. Hydrogen bond
4. Hydrophobic interactions
5. London dispersion forces
6. Salt bridges
57
Fat types
1. Triglycerides (Fats/Oils)
2. Sterols
3. Phospholipids
4. Waxes
58
Is fat an ester?
Yes
59
Unsaturated fatty acid types
1. Trans
2. Cis
60
Does trans fatty acid or cis fatty acid has a kink?
Cis
61
Steroid structure
Fused four rings structure
62
Fat functions
1. Insulation
2. Energy
3. Lowering density
4. Mechanical protection
5. Absorption of water insoluble molecules
5. Regulation and signaling
63
Monomer of nucleic acid
Nucleotide
64
Difference between nucleotide and nucleoside
Nucleoside doesn’t contain a phosphate group
65
Nucleotide components
1. Pentose sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
66
Nucleotides are in ______ (structures)
Nucleic acids such as DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and SnRNA
Other molecules such as ATP for energy currency, or GTP for cell signaling cascades
67
DNA Structure
5’ is _____ end
3’ is ______ end
5’ is phosphate group
3’ is -OH group
68
The backbone is held together by _________
3’,5’-phosphodiester linkage
69
The backbone of the DNA is ________ charged, which is caused by the ________ group.
1. Negatively
2. Phosphate
70
Two strands of the DNA molecule are held together by _______
Hydrogen bond
71
Purines
Adenosine, Guanine
72
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
73
How many hydrogen bonds are between adenosine and thymine?
2
74
How many hydrogen bonds are between adenosine and uracil?
2
75
How many hydrogen bonds are between cytosine and guanine?
3
76
77
What is the number of carbons in Glucose?
6
78
Is Glucose an Aldose or Ketose?
Aldose
79
What type of sugar is Glucose?
Aldohexose
80
What is the number of carbons in Fructose?
6
81
Is Fructose an Aldose or Ketose?
Ketose
82
What type of sugar is Fructose?
Ketohexose
83
What is the number of carbons in Mannose?
6
84
Is Mannose an Aldose or Ketose?
Aldose
85
What type of sugar is Mannose?
Aldohexose
86
What is the number of carbons in Galactose?
6
87
Is Galactose an Aldose or Ketose?
Aldose
88
What type of sugar is Galactose?
Aldohexose
89
What is the number of carbons in Ribose?
5
90
Is Ribose an Aldose or Ketose?
Aldose
91
What type of sugar is Ribose?
Aldopentose
92
What is the number of carbons in Deoxyribose?
5
93
Is Deoxyribose an Aldose or Ketose?
Aldose
94
What type of sugar is Deoxyribose?
95
What is the number of carbons in Glyceraldehyde?
3
96
Is Glyceraldehyde an Aldose or Ketose?
Aldose
97
What type of sugar is Glyceraldehyde?
Aldotriose
98
Gel electrophoresis is ______ and it can be used for _______
1. Sorting DNA fragments due to their lengths. 2. Solving crimes, and etc.
99
Types of gel electrophoresis
Southern blotting: Where DNA is separated in gel electrophoresis
Northern blotting: Where RNA is separated in gel electrophoresis
100
Describe the process of gel electrophoresis
101
Describe the process of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
102
Restriction enzymes target _______ sequence of the DNA. This sequence has a ________.
1. Palindromic
2. Quality of reading the same in 5’ to 3’ direction on both strands.
103
Restriction enzymes make ______ ends, which are preferable for _______.
1. Sticky
2. Reannealing
104
True or false: Hemoglobin can bind hydrogen ions
True
105
Hemoglobin binds with hydrogen ions to form _________
Haemoglobinic acid
106
Hemoglobin binds with _____ to form haemoglobinic acid
Hydrogen ions
107
What is the most abundant carbohydrate reserve in human body?
Muscle glycogen
108
The endomembrane system in eukaryotes include
1. Cell membrane
2. Nuclear membrane
3. ER
4. Golgi
5. Lysosomes
5, Vesicles
6. Vacuoles
