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Biology 2017 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

The cell is the smallest what

A

Independent unit of life

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2
Q

3 aspects of cell theory

A

1) all living things are made from cells or cell products
2) all cells arise from pre-existing cells
3) cells are the smallest unit of life

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3
Q

3 different types of microscopes

A

Light, electron and compound

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4
Q

Benefits and disadvantages of light microscopes

A

Relatively cheap and easy to access

Specimen must be thin, low magnification

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5
Q

Benefits and disadvantages of electron microscopes

A

Very high magnification and resolution

Subject must be dead, costs a minimum of $1M

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6
Q

Benefits and disadvantages of a compound microscope

A

Cheap and Easy to access and use

Only goes up to around x8 magnification

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7
Q

3 different types of stains and what they stain for

A

Iodine - stains carbohydrates black/ dark brown
Methylene Blue - stains proteins blue
Aceto - orcein: stains nucleic acids pink

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8
Q

Name 7 characteristics of life

A

Reproduction, respiration, excretion, metabolism, grow or develop, homeostasis, respond

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9
Q

Why do large organism have many cells, not a few large cells

A

As all cells require nutrients and produce waste, however how much a cell needs depends on volume, how much that can get in and out depends on surface area. Large cells would have a small surface area to volume ratio which isn’t sustainable

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10
Q

5 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are smaller, they have no nucleus, have a cell wall made of a different carbohydrate (peptidoglycan), eukaryotes have two or more chromosomes while prokaryotes only have one, eukaryotes have membrane bound organelle

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11
Q

Describe a nucleus and state it’s function

A

Has a nuclear envelope and pores. Controls the activity of cells by controlling which and how many enzymes are made

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12
Q

Describe a Mitochondria and state it’s function

A

Sausage shaped and there’s more than one in the cell.

latter stages of aerobic respiration occur here

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13
Q

Describe chloroplast and state it’s function

A

Only in plant cells,

contains thylakoids, photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll

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14
Q

Describe a vacuole and state it’s function

A

Fluid filled space.

Maintains water and salt balance, maintains shape, stores waste products

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15
Q

Describe free ribosomes and state their purpose

A

No membrane, exist freely in the cytoplasm as dark granules,

Synthesise proteins to function in the cytoplasm for use within the cell

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16
Q

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum and state its function

A

Consist of cisternae (flattened membrane), ribosomes are attached

Synthesise proteins which are transported by vesicles to Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

Describe the Golgi Body and its function

A

Contains cisternae(flattened membrane), Vesicles attach to the outside

Modifies proteins and stores them in vesicles for secretion outside the cell

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18
Q

Describe a vesicle and state its function

A

Small, Single membrane with fluid inside

Transports materials inside of a cell

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19
Q

Traits of cell walls (Plants Only)

A

Not an organelle, made mainly of cellulose, permeable, support cell and are hard to digest

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20
Q

Two differences between animal and plant cells

A

Plants have cell walls

Plants have a large central vacuole while animals have small vacuoles

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21
Q

Two similarities between plant and animal cells

A

Both have nuclei, both have orangelles like eR, Golgi body, mitochondria etc

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22
Q

All cells have a (…) cell membrane

A

Lipoprotein

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23
Q

What is the lipoprotein cell membrane attached to in eukaryotic cells

A

Cytoskeleton

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24
Q

6 things that contribute to a cell membrane

A 
Phospholipid Bi-layer 
Selectively permeable membrane 
Proteins
Receptors
Diffusion
Fluid mosaic model
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25
Two things cell membranes do
Keep cell integrity, regulate materials
26
A peripheral protein exists ...?
On the edge of the cell membrane
27
An integral protein exists ....?
Throughout the cell membrane
28
The heads of phospholipids are ...?
Hydrophilic
29
The 'tails' on phospholipids are ...?
Hydrophobic
30
What does cholesterol do in the cell membrane
Aids in movement
31
3 things a cytoskeleton is responsible for
Assists in development of the spindle Change the shape of the cell Anchor organelles in place
32
3 passive processes
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis
33
3 active processes
Active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis
34
What is diffusion
The spreading out of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration eg O2 or CO2
35
What is osmosis
The movement of a solvent (water) from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
36
What is facilitated diffusion
When substances move from an area of high to low concentration but with the aid of a protein eg glucose
37
What is active transport
Moving molecules against the concentration gradient using a protein and ATP
38
What is Exocytosis
Process of a large molecule leaving the cell
39
What is endocytosis
Large molecules entering the cell
40
4 steps of binary fission
1) DNA replicates and attaches to the cell membrane 2) cell grows 3) begins to divide, each chromosome is attached to 'anchor' point on cell membrane. Stays there when cell begins to divide 4) results in 2 identical cells
41
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anophase and Telophase
42
3 things that happen in interphase
Chromosomes are threadlike as DNA is unwound so that genes can be transcribed Nucleolus is visible DNA replicates
43
3 things that happen in prophase
1) Chromosomes coil up and shorten, becoming visible - these consist of two copies called chromatids that join at the Centromere 2) Centrioles move towards opposite sides of nucleus and spindle fibres start to form 3) Nucleur membrane breaks down at end of prophase
44
2 things that happen in metaphase
1) Chromosomes line up along the equator of the spindle | 2) Centromeres attach to the spindle
45
2 things that happen in anaphase
1) Daughter chromatids are drawn By the centromeres | 2) chromatids move along the spindle towards opposite ends of the cell
46
4 things that happen in telophase and cytokinesis
1) Spindle breaks down 2) Nucleur membrane and nucleolus reform in each daughter cell 3) chromosomes unwind 4) cytoplasm restricts to form two seperate daughter cells
47
What is contact inhibition
Theory that if cells are removed from an area they will fill in the gap
48
3 external factors effecting cell growth
Check 1 hormone Contact inhibition Anchorage dependence
49
What does anchorage dependent mean
To divide cells must be attached to a substratum eg extracellular matrix of a tissue
50
How does cancer arise
From mutations to oncogenes
51
What increases the chances of cancer
Increased temperature, radiation and mutagenic chemicals which are carcinogenic
52
What's the difference between a benign and malignant tumour
Benign remains in one spot and can be cut out | Malignant spreads throughout the body through metastasis
53
What is chemotherapy
Drugs that are antimitotic, hence prevent all cells from diving including hair, bone marrow, sperm and egg cells
54
What is radiotherapy
Cancer treatment that causes damage to the DNA in cancerous cells and stops the division process
55
What is the main sources of energy for life
The sun
56
3 things phospholipids do in a cell membrane
Act as a barrier to water soluble chemicals Allow small water soluble particles such as O2, H2O and CO2 can pass through the small holes in the bi layer Allow lipid soluble particles to pass through easily
57
What do receptors do in the cell membrane
They bind to chemical signals outside the cell which alters the cell function
58
What do antigens do in a cell membrane
Allow white blood cells of the immune system to tell foreign cells from cells normally in the Body
59
What is phagocytosis
Invaginates the particle, encloses it in the enzyme, digestive enzymes fuse and break down the particle
60
What is pinocytosis
Cell drinking, Phagocytosis on a smaller level
61
What do channel proteins do
Transport proteins through the cell membrane
62
Where do cells get the energy to carry out active transport from
ATP
63
What do all Cells use energy for
Movement, synthesis of macromolecules, mAintain a stable internal environment, active transport, grow, repair, reproduce
64
What is intracellular movement
Chromosome separation and vesicle migration
65
What is extracellular movement
Movement to another environment for food and conditions
66
What is aerobic respiration
Process of glucose being broken down and chemical energy being released
67
Where will glucose be broken down if oxygen is present
Krebs Cycle (mitochondria)
68
Where will glucose be broken down if oxygen is not present
Cytoplasm
69
What does glucose become in plants and fungi during anaerobic respiration
Carbon dioxide + ethanol
70
What goes glucose become in animals during anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid
71
ATPS per glucose in anaerobic respiration
2
72
ATPS per glucose in aerobic respiration
36
73
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A cells immediate source of energy
74
How is energy released from ATP
By breaking the bond between two of the phosphate units to produce ADP (adenosine disphosphate) and inorganic phosphate
75
Why is only a small amount of ATP needed in each cell
It is continuously being recycled
76
4 reasons glucose is broken down in a complex many step process
1) prevent excess heat build up or pH change 2) allow small amounts of energy to be released which can be efficiently captured by ATP formation 3) ensure control of energy pathway is maintained 4) allow alternative pathways to be used to break down different raw materials and produce different products which could be used in cell metabolism
77
Why is each reaction in a metabolic pathway effected by other reactions
The speed of the reaction is effected by the concentration of raw materials and products as well as the enzyme
78
Why does the amount of DNA in a cell double before division
To ensure that when the cell divides each new cell will receive exactly the sAme amount of DNA containing identical information and no mutations
79
What is endosymbiosis
When one cell lives inside another and both cells benefit
80
What happens during the breakdown of ATP
Free energy is released and ADP + P is produced
81
What happens during synthesis in the ATP cycle
ADP+ P is converted to ATP using energy from respiration reactions
82
Two reasons energy pathways involve many small regulated steps
Provides a controlled release of small packets of energy that can be conveniently trapped to form ATP Cell has a far greater measure of control over the rate of the reaction with several points at which the reaction may be sped up or slowed down
83
3 stages of cell culturing
Dissection, suspension and cell culture
84
How do chemicals such as arsenic or cyanide act as metabolic poisons
Act as inhibitors of enzymes by blocking or competing for the active sites

Biology 2017 (5 decks)

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