Organisms Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What do all organisms that reproduce sexually begin as
A
Fertilised eggs or zygotes
2
Q
Are all cells in the body genetically identical?
A
Yes, excluding mutations
3
Q
What happens in a cell as at begins to divide?
A
Certain genes are activated and others are inactivated, activated ones are activated to produce certain proteins
4
Q
What is the hierarchy from smallest to largest
A
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms
5
Q
Define homeostasis
A
Organisms ability to maintain internal consistency and respond to environment change
6
Q
We … And …. To external stimuli
A
Detect and respond
7
Q
Three example of receptors
A
Thermoreceptors, auditory receptors, photoreceptors
8
Q
Define the pain threshold
A
The level at which the body has to respond to stimuli
9
Q
What are nerves
A
They transmit information from the environment to the brain via nerve cells and back to muscle for a responses
10
Q
What are hormones
A
Chemicals from endocrine glands travel around blood to bring out an effect or response in another tissue or organ
11
Q
How do the nervous and endocrine system work together
A
They control and regular homeostasis
12
Q
An example of how the endocrine and hormone system work together
A
If body temperature rises the nervous system causes the body to sweat and the heart rate to increase, whilst the hormonal system will caused decreased metabolism and vasoconstriction shut vessels
13
Q
What are the two different types of hormones
A
Peptide and Steroid
14
Q
Define peptides
A
Action occurs on the exterior of cells
15
Q
Define steroids
A
Water soluble and hence passes through membrane to work on the inside of the target cell
16
Q
Stimulus response model from left to right
A
Stimulus -> Receptor -> Coordinator -> Effector -> Response
17
Q
Location of the stimulus
A
External / Internal
18
Q
Location of the receptor
A
Cell / Organ
19
Q
Location of the coordinator
A
Brain/ Spinal Chord
20
Q
Location of effector
A
Muscle / Gland
21
Q
Location of response
A
Movement / Secrete
22
Q
What two systems make up the nervous systems
A
Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System
23
Q
Two aspects of the central nervous system
A
Brain and the spinal chord
24
Q
What are the two aspects of the peripheral nervous system
A
Somatic (Sensory) N.S & Autonomic (motor/ movement)
25
What connects the somatic and autonomic N.S
Central Nervous System
26
Two aspects of the autonomic n.s
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
27
What is the sympathetic nervous system
Fight / Flight
28
What is the parasympathetic nervous system
Rest / Digest
29
What is a sympathetic response
The body shuts down everything unnecessary and highlights what is needed
30
How does the nervous system react to increased body temperature
Sweat, Hair Flattens, Increased heart rate
31
How does the hormonal system contribute to decreased body temperature
- release
32
3 methods of material exchange
Diffusion / Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, Active Transport
33
Requirements of the exchange surface on the cell
High surface area, thin - one cell thick, moist - water soluble, warm - more kinetic energy
34
Two things lymph vessels do
Carry lymphocytes to the site of action
| Drain excess fluid from tissue bed
35
What do the kidneys remove
Materials containing nitrogen eg urea
36
What is a nephron
The functional and structural unit of the kidney
37
Process of digestion
Glycerol -> epithelial cells -> lacteal
38
What happens to blood as it passes through the lungs
Gains fresh oxygen and loses carbon dioxide
39
What are the four limiting factors of photosynthesis
Temperature, light intensity, CO2 conc, colour
40
Autotrophs make ...
Organic compounds from inorganic compounds
41
Heterotrophs cannot ...
Make their own food from inorganic compounds
42
Catabolic reactions ...
Produce usable energy
43
Aerobic reaction with glucose formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + (35) ATP (40% efficient)
44
Lactic acid fermentation formula (anaerobic)
C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 + (2) ATP
45
Alcohol fermentation (Anaerobic ) equation
C6H12O6 -> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + (2) ATP
46
Two forms of unicellular cell division
Mitosis and Binary fission
47
How do plants reproduce
Make clones through stems, roots, etc
48
Full steps of meiosis
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Cytokenesis & Prophase 2 AND Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
49
What causes variation in daughter cells after Meiosis
Chromosomes crossing
50
Mutation + Natural Selection =
Variation
51
Define Transgensis
Desirable genes transferred from one organism too another
52
Define Gene Therapy
Implanting helpful genes into a diseased organism to help fight diseases
53
Define Cloning
Make a replicate of the organism - don't confuse with gene cloning
54
Define vegetative propagation
Making clones of plants
55
Positives of vegetative propagation
Yield improvements, improve resistance, super foods, very cost efficient
56
Negatives of vegetative propagation
Unknown long term side effects, hard to regulate, may have ecological, less native species
57
Advantages of unicellular organisms
Easier to adapt to changes in the environment
Reproduce quickly
Large SA:V
58
Disadvantages of unicellular organism
Small
Don't live long
Usually need to live in water, must have food rich environment, must take in everything directly through the cell membrane
59
Advantages of multicellular organisms
Can live in wide variety of enviroments
Can grow very large
Long life
Work more efficiently
60
Disadvantages of multi cellular organisms
Need to 'eat' more
Grow for a long time before being born
If organ / system fails whole organism can fail
Small SA:V on the outside
61
3 types of epithelial tissue
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
62
What does connective tissue do
Holds things together
63
Define Organs
Discrete structures made of several types of tissues that perform specific functions
64
Define systems
Group of organs that coordinate that carry out specific functions
65
Function of the epithelial tissue
Cover the body surfaces and line internal organs / cavities
66
Function of Connective tissue
Holds organs and other tissues together and fill spaces between
67
Function of adipose tissue
Adipose tissues are packed tightly together to ... Insulation, protective pads and for storage
68
Function of bone tissue
Solid matrix which gives organism structure
69
Tissues in the heart
Muscle, connective, nerve
70
Tissues in the lungs
Epithelial, connective, muscle
71
Tissues in the intestine
Epithelial, connective, muscle
72
Hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands ....
Directly into the blood where they act on target tissues or cells
73
What must target cells have in relation to hormones
Complementary receptors
74
Pathways in the nervous / endocrine system
N: Direct via axons / nerves
E: Indirect via blood
75
Messages in the nervous vs endocrine system
N: Electrochemical
E: Chemical
76
Site of action in the nervous vs endocrine system
N: higher specified
E: Target cells / tissues - can be everywhere
77
Speed in the nervous vs endocrine system
N: Fast
E: Slow
78
Duration in the nervous vs endocrine system
N: Short
E: Long
79
Transmission of message
PNS - Sensory Neuron
Inter Neuron
PNS - Motor Neuron
80
What are reflex responses
Act without the brain to keep organism away from danger / harm
81
5 examples of reflex responses
Pupils reflex, knee - jerk reaction, contraction of inner ear, swallowing food, keep away from heat source
82
What is negative feedback
When the response in the body reduces the effect of a stimulus
83
Example of negative stimulus
Increased light, response is to close pupil
84
What is positive feedback
When there is an increase in stimulus and an increase in response
85
Example of stimulus response model when body temp drops
Receptor : Hypothalamus
Effectors : skeletal Muscle
Response : contract and relax which produces heat
86
Example of stimulus response model when body temp increases
Receptor: Hypothalamus in brain looks at blood temperature
effectors: sweat glands secrete and layer body in sweat
response : heat is lost and body temp decreases
87
Three things that decrease body temperature
sweating, vasodilation and decreased thyroxine
88
Three Things that increase body temp
Shivering, vasoconstriction and increased thyroxine
89
How do nutrients enter the body
Via the digestive tract
90
What are proteins converted to in digestion
Amino acids
91
What are lipids converted to in digestion
Fatty acid and glycerol
92
What are carbohydrates converted to in digestion
Glucose
93
What are nucleic acids converted to in digestion
Nucleotides
94
Where is digested food absorbed into the bloodstream
The small intestine
95
What does the small intestine contain and what do they do
Villi and micro villi, increase surface area
96
How are the products of fat digestion absorbed into the central lacteal
Pinocytosis
97
How are additional nutrients absorbed into capillaries
Occurs in the villi through active transport and diffusion
98
What are metabolic wastes produced as a by product of
Cellular metabolism
99
What is the main metabolic waste in humans and how is it created
Urea, created when excess amino acids are converted to glucose in the liver
100
Where in the kidneys is blood filtered
Nephrons
101
What does the first stage of filtration involve
Filtration of materials from the blood at the glomerulus from the capillary into the bowmans capsule, caused by blood pressure
102
What occurs in Reabsorption in the kidneys
Materials move along the kidney tubule, materials needed are reabsorbed into blood steam by active transport, diffusion and osmosis
103
What two types of organs is the kidney
Excretory and osmoregulatory (regulates salt and water levels in the blood)
104
What does the circulatory system do
Connects exchange surfaces with body tissues
105
What happens as blood moves along the capillaries
There is an exchange of materials between the blood and tissue fluid surrounding the cells
106
Describe the structure of a nephron
Consists of a Bowmans capsule, containing a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus and a long tubule that drains into a collecting duct
107
Filtration in the kidneys occurs from the ... to the ...
Glomerulus -> Bowmans capsule
108
Réabsorption in the kidneys occurs from the ... to the ...
Tubule -> blood capillaires
109
During gas exchange oxygen goes from the ... to the ...
Alveolus -> Blood capillaries
110
During gas exchange carbon dioxide goes from the ... to the ...
Blood capillaries -> Alveolus
111
How do oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the alveolar membrane
Diffusion
112
3 things that effect rate of diffusion of the gases
Concentration gradient of the gases
Rate of blood flow
Raté and or depth of breathing
113
Formula for lactic acid
C3H6O3
114
What happens to lactic acid
It's converted to lactate which may be dissolved in blood and carried to the liver where it's converted to pyruvate and respired aerobically
115
Which produces more energy aerobic or anaerobic respiration
Aérobic produces 36-38 ATP while anaerobic produces 2
116
Four main areas that require provision of energy
Growth
Movement
Repair
Reproduction
117
What is budding
Form of asexual reproduction in plants where buds are produced that break away and begin to grow as a new organism
118
What is fragmentation
Form of asexual reproduction in animals where the adult body breaks into several pieces and each is able to grow into another individual
119
What is vegetative propagation
A sexual reproduction in plants where part of adult body is broken off and grows into a seperate self supporting plant body
120
What does it mean when cells differentiate
As organisms grow cells differentiate so that in different cells different genes will be expressed and the cells will have different structures and perform different functions within the organism
121
What does the thyroid gland produce and what does this do
Thyroxine, stimulates metabolism and heat production
122
What does the adrenal gland produce and what does this do
Adrenaline, increases blood and constricts blood vessels
123
Stimulus response model book
Stimulus -> Receptor -> Transmission -> Effector -> Response -> negative feedback
124
Corrective mechanisms when there is an increase in body temperature
Sweating, hair lies flat, blood to surface,decrease in metabolic rate
125
Corrective mechanisms when there's a decrease in body temperature
No sweating, hair raised, blood kept away from surface, increase in metabolic rate, shivering
