Cells Flashcards
Boop (28 cards)
What organelles does a plant cell have?
Cell membrane, nucleus, cell wall, permanent vacuole, mitochondria, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, ribosomes.
What organelles does an animal cell have?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes.
What organelles does a bacterial cell have?
Cell wall, ribosomes, pili, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosome/DNA, flagella.
What is a specialised cell?
Cells that have adaptations to help them carry out a particular function.
What is cell differentiation?
When cells become specialised.
What do cells spend most of their lives in?
Interphase
What are the stages of interphase?
Gap 1, synthesis, gap 2.
What happens during interphase?
The cells grows and replicates its DNA.
What happens during prophase?
- Mitosis begins,
- bundles of DNA turn into chromosomes,
- spindles start to move to opposite sides of the cell
- nucleus disappears
- chromosomes begin to align in the middle
What happens during metaphase?
- most chromosomes will attach to the spindles,
- one of them won’t be attached,
- when chromosomes are aligned it will attach.
What happens during anaphase?
- spindles pull the chromosomes apart,
- they pull the halves to opposite sides of the cell.
What happens during telephase?
- membrane around nucleus will start to reform,
- spindles will start to disassemble.
What happens during cytokinesis?
-The cell splits into two identical daughter cells.
What are some uses of stem cells?
Can grow brain cells (to treat Parkinson’s), can grow bone cells (to treat bone and spinal injuries) and can grow new organs or parts of organs (to treat organ failure).
What is some controversy around stem cells?
Human embryos will be destroyed so people think it’s a morally wrong thing to do and some religions object and are against this.
How are nerve cells specialised?
- Long axon (carries electrical impulses from one part of the body to another)
- Ends of the axons have synapses (allow impulses to pass from one nerve cell to another)
- dendrites increase surface area (so other nerve cells can connect more easily)
What are benign tumors?
Slow and harmless tumors such as warts and moles.
What are malignant tumors?
Fast and aggressive tumors, they are mobile.
Where does respiration take place?
In the (anaerobic) cytoplasm and (aerobic) mitochondria.
What do root hairs do?
They increase the surface area of the root so it can absorb water and dissolved minerals more effectively.
Why don’t root hair cells contain chloroplasts?
Because they are underground.
What are the organelles of a root hair cell?
Cell membrane, cell wall, permanent vacuole, nucleus, root hair.
Where are xylem cells found?
In the plant stem.
What do xylem cells form?
Long tubes
