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1
Q

Creutzfield-Jakob/Mad Cow Disease
Cause?
Symptoms?

A

Caused form misfolding of prion proteins (transmissable disease)
Falling memory, behavior changes, lack of coordiantion, visual disturbances

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2
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Use H2O2 to beta oxidate LCFAs
Synthesis of bile acid
Synthesis of cholesterol
Site for alcohol detoxification

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3
Q

Gastric Carcinoma

A

Family: herpesvirus
Type: EBV

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4
Q

Becker Muscle Dystrophy
Mutation?
Clinical presentation?

A

In frame deletion causing truncated dystrophin

Milder form of DMD

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5
Q

Protein sorting signal for membrane destination

A

N-terminal apolar sequence

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6
Q

Describe the effect of whooping cough on GPCR

A

In Gi pathway -> prevents activation of Ga subunit so overproduction of cAMP in airway epithileal cells -> loss of fluids and excessive mucous secretion

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7
Q

Puromycin

Stage and action

A

Elongation -> premature chain termination in both euk/pro

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8
Q

Explain the role of caffeine in GPCR

A

Inhibits cAMP PD -> increased cAMP levels -> increased heart rate

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9
Q

Explain the Gi pathway

A

Inhibits adenylate cyclase which results in second messenger destruction

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10
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

Family: Herpesvirus
Type: KSHV
Cofactor: AIDS

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11
Q

ATL tumor

A

Family: Retrovirus
Type: HTLV-1
Cofactor: genetic

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12
Q

Burkitts Lymphoma

A

Family: herpesvirus
Type: EBV
Cofactor: malaria

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13
Q

Transcription Factors needed to induce pluripotency (4)

A

Nanog, Fox D3, Sox2, Oct4

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14
Q

G1 Checkpoint fast response

A

Chk2 inactivates cdc25 to inhibit Cdk2-CyclinE

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15
Q

Cdc25B phosphatase function

A

G2 -> M

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16
Q

Explain the Gq pathway

A

Activates phospholipase C -> iP3 causes release of calcium as a 2ndary messenger -> activate DAG -> activate protein kinases

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17
Q

What is the important AA in collagen assembly

A

Lysine

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18
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia
Mutation?
Cause?
Clinical Presentation?

A

Missense in Human beta-globin gene
Glu (acidic) -> Val (hydrophobic)
RBC w/ sickle shape, poor O2 capacity and clog arteries

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19
Q

Role of chemo antimetabolites

A

Analogue of DNA that prevents synthesis of corresponding base

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20
Q

Explain the Gt pathway

A

Light acts as ligand and Stimulates cGMP phosphodiesterase

Allows brain to translate photons into vision

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breakdown proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids to be reused

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22
Q

MCV

A

Family: Polyomavirus
Type: marked cell cancer
Cofactor: UV immunosuppression

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23
Q

Cdk1-Cyclin A function

Cdk1-Cyclin B function

A

Triggers G2 -> M
(Cyclin A is synthesized in S; destroyed in prometaphase)
(Cyclin B synthesized in S/G2; destroyed after spindle attachment)

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24
Q

Explain the role of viagra

A

Prevent cGMP PD from hydrolyzing -> increases cellular cGMP -> smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation

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25
Cdk4,6 - NF D1-D3 | Function
Phosphorylate retinoblastoma in G1 to allow transition | - can also stim Cyclin E production (which coordinates the next checkpoint)
26
Describe the effect of whooping cough on GPCR
In Gi pathway -> prevents activation of Ga subunit so overproduction of cAMP in airway epithileal cells -> loss of fluids and excessive mucous secretion
27
Type 1 viral oncogene (transducing)
Oncogene carried in retrovirus
28
Ras pathway
Ras —> MAPK -> Myc gene -> Myc protein -> Cyclin D-Cdk4 and Cyclin E-Cdk2 -> Enter S phase
29
Familial Hypercholesterolemia | Cause
Cholesterol uptake is disrupted due to mutation in LDL receptor
31
Streptomycin | stage and action
Initiation -> Bind 30s preventing it from forming with 50S
32
Cycloheximide | Stage and action
Elongation -> inhibit euk peptidyl transferase
33
Explain autocrine signaling via interleukin-1
IL-1 produced by T lymph promote their own replication in immune response
34
Type 2 viral oncogene (non-transducing)
Oncogene activated by proviral insertion
35
Explain the role of caffeine in GPCR
Inhibits cAMP PD -> increased cAMP levels -> increased heart rate
36
Skin Cancer
Family: Papillomavirus Type: HPV Cofactor: genetic disorder, UV, immunosuppression
38
Erythromycin | Stage and action
Elongation/Translocation -> Bind 50s
39
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Mutation? Clinical presentation?
Frameshift mutation in dystrophin gene | Voluntary and involuntary muscle wasting
40
Cdc25B phosphatase substrate
Cdk1
41
Hodgkins Lymphoma
Family: herpesvirus Type: EBV
41
Role of chemo platinum derivatives
Prevents DNA binding
42
Explain juxtacrine signaling via HB-EGF
Binds to EGF receptor in immune cells
43
Secondary Lysosome (active lysosome)
Forms when primary lysosome forms w/ late endosome | -Enzymes are active
44
Cdc25C Phosphatase function
Promote G2 -> M | Dephosphorylate Cdk1 complexed w/ cyclin A and B
46
Osmolality Equation
(2[NA]) + ([glucose]/18) + ([BUN]/2.8)
46
Primary effusion Lymphomas
Family: herpesvirus Type: KSHV
48
Protein sorting signal for secretion
Trp-rich domain signal
49
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Family: herpesvirus Type: EBV Cofactor: Nitrosamines, genetics
50
G1 Checkpoint slow response
P53 activate p21 to inhibit Cdk4/6-Cyclin D
51
Protein sorting signal for lysosome destination
Mannose 6-P
52
Protein sorting signal for ER Lumen destination
C-terminal KDEL signal
55
Explain endocrine signaling via epinephrine
Released by adrenal medulla -> freely diffuses to acts on heart muscle
56
INK4:p16 substrates
CDK 4/6
57
Golgi Apparatus
Site for: Modification of carbs —> glycoproteins Polysaccharide Synthesis of Sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids Packing and sorting secretory products into lipids
58
Purpose of ras-independent pathway
GLUT 4 movement and activation of enzyme
59
Smooth ER
``` Site for: Glycogen metabolism Lipid synthesis Detoxification Ca regulation Steroid synthesis ```
60
``` Apoptosis Cells ? Inflammation? Regulated? Biochem? ```
Cells: hematopoietic Infl: No Regulated: Yes Biochem: membrane loses asymmetry, Phos-serine on outer membrane
61
``` Necrosis Cells involved ? Inflammation ? Biochem ? Regulated? ```
Cells: All Infl: yes Biochem: failure of ion transport -> ATP depleted and pH imbalance Not regulated
62
What do mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into
Becomes cartilage and connective tissue (bone marrow and adipose)
63
Tetracycline | Stage and action
Elongation -> bind 30s to block tRNA entry
64
CKI:p27 (substrates are most Cdk-cyclin complexes) | Function?
Cycle arrest in response to growth supressors, TGF-B
66
Diptheria Toxin | Stage and action
Elongation/Translocation -> Inactivate EF2-GTP
67
General mechanism of RTKs
1) ligand binds causing a conformational change 2) Causes dimerization 3) specific tyrosine phosphorylation 4) recognized by adaptor/docking proteins
68
Cdc25A phosphatase function
Promotes G1 -> S and G2 -> M
68
Mitotic catastrophe Cells? Inflammation? Biochem?
Cells: dividing Inflammation: No Biochem: abnormal CDK1/Cyclin B activation
69
What vitamin is essential for collagen assembly
Ascorbic Acid
70
Explain the role of viagra
Prevent cGMP PD from hydrolyzing -> increases cellular cGMP -> smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation
71
Describe the affect of cholera on GPCR
Biochem: effects oversecretion of Cl- -> NaCl and water leave the body -> diarrhea
72
Primary Lysosome (inactive lysosome)
Type of lysosome that stores inactive hydrolases (enzymes)
72
Cdk2-Cyclin A Cdk2-Cyclin E (Function)
Trigger G1 -> S
73
Protein sorting signal for mitochondria destination
N-terminal hydrophobic a-helix
76
Rough ER
Where proteins are modified and assembled to use intracellularly or for export
78
Overall roles of p53
DNA damage -> signals for cell cycle arrest via p21, but if damage is too severe -> trigger apoptosis
80
Type 4 viral oncogene (envelope)
Abnormal cell signaling
81
AA that undergoes O-glycosylation
Ser, Thr
82
AA affected by phosphorylation
Thr, Tyr, Asp, Ser, His
83
CKI:p21 (functions on most Cdk-cyclin complexes) | Function?
Induced by p53 | Induces cell-cycle arrest in DNA damage and senescence
83
Restriction checkpoint in G1
Cdk4-Cyclin D activating formation of Cdk2-Cyclin E
84
Chloramphenicol | Stage and action
Elongation -> inhibit peptidyl transferase
85
Cdc25A Phosphatase substrate
Cdk 1 | Cdk 2
85
Role of chemo mitostatic drugs
Inhibits tubulin assembly
86
Purpose of ras-independent pathway
GLUT 4 movement and activation of enzyme
87
Alzheimer’s Cause (2)? Symptoms ?
1) Misfolding/aggregation of amyloid beta plaques (extra cell) 2) Hyperphosphorylation of Tau (neurofibrillary triangles) (intracell) Loss of memory, cognitive fxn and language
89
INK4:p16 function
Works with retinoblastoma for cycle arrest (usually in senescence), prevent Cyclin D from binding Cdk4/6
90
Cdc25C Phosphatase substrate
Cdk1
91
Senescence Cells? Inflammation? Biochem?
Cells: all Inflammation: yes Biochem: same as DNA damage that activates ATM -> p53-p21 or 16-Rb
92
Autophagy Cells? Inflammation? Biochem?
All cells No inflammation Cell eats itself (caspase-independent)
92
AA affected by N-glycosylation
Asn
93
Purpose of the Ras-MAPK pathway
transcription
94
Shiga Toxin and Ricin | Stage and action
Elongation -> Bind 60s preventing aminoacyl-tRNA entry
95
What is an oncogene
Gene that drives cell growth and division
96
Explain paracrine signaling via testosterone
Synthesized and secreted by leydig cells -> induces spermatogenesis in germ cells
97
Hep B
Family: Hepadnavirus Tumor: Heaptocellular Carcinoma Cofactors: Alfatoxin, alcohol, smoking
101
Protein sorting signal for peroxisome destination
C-terminal SKL signal sequence
102
Explain the Gs pathway
Stimulates adenylate cyclase, generating cAMP and activating PKA
103
Parkinsons Disease Cause? Symptoms?
Lewy bodies in dopaminergic neutrons in substantia nigra - reduced availability of dopamine Loss of coordination
104
Describe the affect of cholera on GPCR
Biochem: effects oversecretion of Cl- -> NaCl and water leave the body -> diarrhea
105
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Family: Flavivirus Type: Hep C virus Cofactor: Aflatoxin
106
Function of Ras-MAPK pathway
Activate Myk (a TF) causing entry of cell into S phase
107
Zellweger Spectrum disorders | Cause
Defects in the assembly of the peroxisomes (12 genes —> the more that are mutated the more severe) (No cure -> death in a year)
108
Type 3 viral oncogene (non transducing long latency)
Retroviral transacting protein disrupt transcription regulation
109
What causes the Ras receptor to activate
GTP binding Ras
112
Familial Hypercholesterolemia | Symptoms
Elevated LDL in plasma -> atherosclerotic plaques
112
Castlemans disease
Family: Herpes Virus Type: KSHV
114
Cdk4, Cdk6 partners
Nuclear Factors D1-D3
115
Purpose of the Ras-MAPK pathway
transcription
116
General mechanism of RTKs
1) ligand binds causing a conformational change 2) Causes dimerization 3) specific tyrosine phosphorylation 4) recognized by adaptor/docking proteins
117
Describe the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer
Take oocyte with nucleus removed and combine it with somatic cell. Use patient derived nucleus to “custom make” the stem cells
118
General mechanism for GPCR pathway
1) Ligand binds ECD causing confromational change 2) ICD activates G protein (trade a GDP for GTP) 3) GTP-boud G protein interacts w/ effector protein 4) signal termination
119
Huntingtons Disease Cause? Symptoms?
Mutation causes CAG triple repeats | Selective death of cells basal ganglia
121
What do hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into
Blood cells
122
AA residue affected by Acetylation
Lys
124
Protein sorting signal for nucleus destination
KKKRK (Lys, Arg rich)
126
Cyclin Partners for Cdk1
A | B1,B2
128
Role of chemo intercalating agents
Breaking DNA bonds via structural change (inhibit topoisomerase 2 -> condense chromosomes )
129
Nucleus
Site for: Cell regulation Proliferation DNA transcription
131
Role of an signal recognition particle (SRP)
Targets synthesizing proteins to be translated and have PTMs w/in the ER lumen
132
Clindamycin | Stage and action
Elongation/Translocation -> Bind 50s
133
Cdk 2 cyclin partners
Cyclins A and E
134
Role of Chemo Alkylating Agents
Denatures DNA via crosslinking
135
Anogenital Cancer
Family: Papillomavirus Type: HPV Cofactor: smoking, oral contraceptive

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