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Immuno Flashcards

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1
Q

What microbe and mechanism evades phagocytosis

A

Pneumococci via poysaccharides

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2
Q

What is leukopenia

A

Reduced circulating WBC
Results from neutropenia
Often caused by chemo/radiation

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3
Q

Key featuresof basophils (3)

A

Polymorphonuclear granule cell
Reside in the blood
Fight parasites or involved in allergic rxns

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4
Q

What is the role of KIRs in NK cells

A

Recognize MHC1 (self) to activate a phosphatase and inhibit KAR activity on NK cells

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5
Q

T helper cells function

A

CD3,4,8

In CMI they activate macros to kill phagocytized microbes

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6
Q

3 methods of microbe killing by neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
NET (neutron extracellular trap) - use their DNA like a net outside of the cell to capture pathogens for degradation

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7
Q

How do autoimmune disorders arise?

A

From responses against self Ags (DAMPS)

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8
Q

TLR1:TLR2
Ligands?
Microorgansims?
Receptor location?

A

Lipopeptides, GPI
Bacteria and parasites (Trypanosomes)
Plasma Membrane

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9
Q

Key features of dendritic cells (3)

A

Mononuclear
APC/effector cells
Activates T cells

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10
Q

Key features of eosinophils (4)

A

Polymorphonucelar granule cells
Have large secondary granules (key feature) w/ 4 proteins
- Histamine, peroxidase, lipase, major basic protein
Defend against parasites and role in allergy

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11
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

Elevated WBC count
Usually caused by neutrophilia
Used as a common sign of infxn

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12
Q

What chemokine on the endothelial surface is responsible for binding to the neutrophil and activates adhesion molecules

A

IL-8

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13
Q

Key features of macrophage (4)

A

Mononuclear
Reside in the tissue
Fulfill tissue-specific fxns
when activated they secrete cytokines

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14
Q

What is the role of IL-12

A

Its production leads to an adaptive immunity response

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15
Q

Role of plasmacytoid DCs

A

IFN-producing cells that circulate blood and peripheral tissue

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16
Q

Describe the complement system pathway

A

C1 binds antigen -> C2 and C4 split in two -> form C3 convertase -> C3 convertase splits C3 into C3a (chemoattractant) and C3b (opsonization)-> C3 convertase + C3b form C5 convertase -> C5 convertase splits C5-> C5a (chemoattractant to make BV permeable) and C5b fragment joins C6,7,8,9 -> MAC complex formed that makes holes in infected cell PM -> Cell lysis

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17
Q

What are myeloid cells and what stimulating factors controls them

A

G-CSF (granulytes)
First line of defense, blood granulytic cells (neutro, baso, eisono)

M-CSF (monocytes)
Develop into monocytes, dendritic cells or macrophages

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18
Q

Role of monocyte dendritic cells

A

Derived from monocytes, present ags to T cells

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19
Q

TLR2:TLR6
Ligand?
Microorganisms?
Receptor Location?

A

Lipoteichonic acid, Zymosan
G+ bacteria, yeasts
Plasma membrane

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20
Q

What is the key inflammatory cytokine in gout

A

IL-1B

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21
Q

Describe clonal selection

A

A B or T cell that has a receptor for a specific Ag that enters the body will quickly bind to it and stimulate proliferation of that immune cell

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22
Q

Mucous membranes contain ___ which trap and propel microorganisms out of the body

A

Cilia

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23
Q

Role of NK cells in viral response

A

Activated KAR receptor recognize stress molecules MICA and MICB to activate protein tyr kinase (phosphorylated so it kills the cell)

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24
Q

What microbe and mechanism evades resistance to the complement pathway

A

Neisseria meningitis via sialic acid to inhibt C3/C5 convertase
Streptococci blocks C3 binding to cell and complement receptors

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25
What microbe and mechanism evades antimicrobial peptide antibiotics
Pseudomonas synthesize modified LPS
26
Difference between classically and alternatively activated monocyte pathways
Classic: induced by microbial binding, release IFN-gamma, pro-inflammatory Alternative: induced by IL-4 and IL-13, release TGF-B, anti-inflammatory
27
What is the purpose of sebum and where is it produced
Produced in the skin as an extra layer of defense; low pH which inhibits microbial growth
28
____ and ____ on the neutrophil cause binding to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (adhesion molecules) on endothelial cells for ADHESION
LFA-1 and VLA-1
29
Key features of neutrophils (4)
Polynuclear Most abundant type of WBC Contain cytoplasmic granules Produce inflammatory mediators
30
What are the two main APP used for lab detection of inflammation
CRP and SAA
31
Natural vs Artificial vs Passive immunity
Natural: naturally derived primary and secondary response Artificial: exposure to attenuated pathogen (vaccine) Passive: patient receives someone elses Abs for therapeutic treatment
32
In apoptosis,DAMPS are degraded by ____
Macrophages
33
Key features of monocytes (3)
Mononuclear Main type of mononuclear phag in blood Become macro when they enter tissue
34
Key features of mast cells (3)
Polymorphonuclear granule cell Kill multicellular pathogens Tissue fixed cell/Sentinel cell
35
What is the role of type 1 interferons
Induces the expression of proteins that block VIRAL replication
36
What microbe and mechanism evades ROS in phagocytes
Staphylcocci produce catalse which breaks down ROS
37
What tests, stain and technique needed for blood smear
CBC + DIFF Giemsa stain CLuster of differentiation + fluorescent microscopy to differentiate B/T/NK cells
38
5 Cardinal signs of inflammation
``` Swelling Redness Heat Pain Loss of fxn ```
39
TLR 9 Ligand? Microorganisms? Receptor location?
Unmethylated CpG-rich DNA Bacteria, Viruses (Herpes virus) Endosomes
40
Describe the humoral innate response
Acute phase proteins (such as SAA) that are naturally derived in the body respond to ags. In the body to kill the infected cell
41
What cytokines are released to trigger sickness behavior syndrome
TNF-A, IL-1 and IL-6
42
TLR 5 Ligands? Microorganisms? Receptor location?
Flagellin Bacteria w/ flagellum PM
43
Difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity
Humoral: mediated by antibodies in the bodily fluids (B cells) Cell-mediated: receptors on phagocytes are used to detect and destroy pathogens (T cells)
44
What are the three signals for lymphocyte activation
1) Recognition of ag by T cell 2) APC express regulatory molecules 3) Cytokine production by innate cells
45
Mast cells contain IL-___
8
46
Function of B cells
CD19,20 | Once activated it leads to development of humoral immunity producing immunoglobulins (Abs)
47
What are two anti-inflammatory cytokine and what releases it
IL-10 andn TGF-B | Macro, DC, T cells
48
Difference between primary and secondary response
Primary: very first response to the infxn Secondary: the second time the host is infected by same antigen -> more rapid and efficient response
49
TLR7 Ligand? Microorganisms? Receptor location?
1x viral RNA Viruses (HIV) Endosomes
50
What chemokine is responsible for inducing repair via fibroblasts
TGF-B
51
Cytotoxic T cells function
CD3,4,8 | In CMI they DIRECTLY destroy infected cells
52
____ cause vasodilation in the innate immune response with the help of ____
Mast cells, bradykinin
53
What are 3 main mechanisms phagocytes use to destroy cells
Enzymes, ROS, NO
54
TLR3 Ligands? Microorganisms? Receptor location?
2x viral RNA Viruses (west nile virus) Endosomes
55
TLR4:TLR4 Ligands? Microorganisms? Receptor location?
Lipopolysaccharide G- PM
56
What is the respiratory burst
Increased O2 consumption leading to the production of free radicals and H2O2, activation of antimicrobial enzymes
57
What is the role of Nuclear Factor-kB
Activates cytokines and adhesion Most important TF for inflammation (Steroids take NF-kB out of nucleus to prevent inflammation)
58
Fever is induced by ____ releasing the cytokines ___, ___, and ____
Macrophages; TNF, IL-1, IL-6
59
Summarize Alternative pathway
Tickover allows for autoactivation which generates C3a and C3b -> C3b bind factor B to cleave it into Ba and Bb by factor D -> C3bBb is formed -> MAC formation same as classic Serum protein properdin stabilizes C3bBb interactions
60
Function of the mannose receptor in immune response
It is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes a PAMP with mannose on the terminal end, which is not found in human cells
61
TLR8 Ligand? Microorganisms? Receptor location?
1x viral RNA Viruses (flu) Endosome
62
Describe hypersensitivity
Results from a specific memory response from re-exposure; can have damaging effects on host tissues
63
Natural killer cells function
CD56 Fxn as innate cells but generated from lymphoid cells in BM Receptors have no ag specificty or memory; kills anything that doesnt have a non-self ag
64
What is the function of the inflammasome
NLRs on the inflammasome recognize PAMPs -> signal cascade activates NF-kB, caspse-1, IL-1B, IL-18
65
_____ and _____ (adhesion molecules) on surface of endothelial cells bind with _____ and _____ (receptors) on neutrophils to allow neutrophil ROLLING
P-selectin, E-selectin; PSGL-1,ESL-1
66
What causes Urticaria Pigmentosa
Symptoms are localized to the skin Due to increased mast cells w/in tissues (mastocytosis) -> itching, hives, possible anaphylatic shock due to histamine release

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