CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
basic structural and functional unit of living organism
A
Cell
2
Q
so, when you define cell properties, you are in fact defining the
A
properties of life
3
Q
the activity of an organism depends on the
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collective activities of cells
4
Q
according to this principle, the activities of cells are dictated by their structure, which determines function
A
Principles of Complementarity
5
Q
basis for the continuity of life
A
cellular basis
6
Q
double membrane barrier
A
Nuclear Envelope/Nuclear Membrane
7
Q
jelly like fluid of the nucleus in which nuclear elements are suspended
A
Nucleoplasm
8
Q
site where ribosomes are assembled
A
Nucleolus
9
Q
scattered throughout the nucleus ( when cell is not dividing)
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Chromatin
10
Q
dense rodlike bodies (when cell is dividing)
A
Chromosomes
11
Q
3 major components of the cytoplasm
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Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles
12
Q
semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements
A
Cytosol
13
Q
stored nutrients or cell products floating in the cytosol; also known as Cellular Pantry
A
Inclusions
14
Q
” little organs” are specialized cellular compartments that are metabolic machinery of the cell
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Organelles
15
Q
all cells exhibit irritability ( the ability to respond to stimuli)
A
digest foods, excrete wastes, and are able to reproduce, grow, move, and metabolize
16
Q
Parts that can be found in nucleus(5)
A
• Nuclear Envelope / Nuclear Membrane
• Nucleoplasm
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin
• Chromosomes
17
Q
Structure: rodlike, double membrane structures: inner membrane folded into projections called cristae
A
• Mitochondria
18
Q
Function: Site of aerobic respiration ( the “burning” of glucose ) and ATP synthesis power of the cell
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• Mitochondria
19
Q
Structure: dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of RNA and protein. Free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Ribosomes
20
Q
Function: the sites of protein synthesis
A
Ribosomes
21
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Structure: Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the tunnel, and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes.
A
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
22
Q
Function: Sugar groups are attached to proteins within the tunnels. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites. External face synthesizes phospholipids
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• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
23
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Structure: membranous system of tunnels and sacs free of ribosomes
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• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
24
Q
Function: site of lipid and steroid ( cholesterol ) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification
A
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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- Structure: consists of a stack of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles. Proteins and lipids from the ER enter this organelle at its cis face and exit at its trans face.
• Golgi Apparatus
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Function: a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion
• Golgi Apparatus
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Structure: single membrane-bound vesicles that are involved in energy metabolism and lipid biosynthesis
• Perixisome
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Function: organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling. Oxidative pathways housed in peroxisomes include fatty acid β-oxidation, which contributes to embryogenesis, seedling growth, and stomatal opening
• Perixisome
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Structure: membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases ( powerful digestive enzymes)
• Lysosomes
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Function: sites of intracellular digestion. The “stomach” of the cell
• Lysosomes
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Structure: Cyndrical structures made of tubulin proteins
• Microtubules
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Function: support the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present
• Microtubules
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Structure: fine filaments composed of the protein actin
• Microfilaments
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Function: involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement help form the cell cytoskeleton and microvilli, it present
• Microfilaments
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Structure: Protein fibers; composition varies
• Intermediate Filaments
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Function: the stable cytoskeletal elements resist mechanical forces acting on the cell
• Intermediate Filaments
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Structure: paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules
• Centrioles
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Function: Organize a microtubule network during mitosis ( cell division) to form the spindle and asters. Form the bases of cilia and flagella
• Centrioles
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Structure: Varied: include stored nutrients such as lipid droplets and glycogen granules, protein crystals, pigment granules
• Inclusions
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Function: Storage for nutrients, wastes, and cell products
• Inclusions
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what are the 2 main processes in membrane transport
A. Passive Processes
B. Active processes
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the ability to respond to stimuli
irritability
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Cell Physiology: All cells exhibit
irritability, digest foods, excrete wastes, and are able to reproduce, grow, move, and metabolize
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The movement of a substance from an area of its lower concentration It occurs because of kinetic energy of the molecules themselves; no ATP required
Diffusion
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The diffusion of dissolved solutes through the plasma membrane
simple diffusion
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The diffusion of water across the plasma membrane
osmosis
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Diffusion that requires a protein channel or carrier
facilitated diffusion
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The movement of substances through a membrane from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower fluid pressure
Filtration
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In the body, the driving force of filtration is
Blood Pressure
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use energy (ATP) provided by the cell
Active processes
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Two types of ATP
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
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2 types of active processes
active transport and vesicular transport
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Substances are moved across the membrane against an electrical or a concentration gradient by proteins called solute pumps. This accounts for the transport of amino acids, some sugars, and most ions
Active Transport
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Moves secretions and other substances out of a cells; a membrane-bounded vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, rupture, and ejects its contents to the cell exterior
Exocytosis
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In which particles are taken up by enclosure in a plasma membrane sac, includes phagocytosis, pinocytosis , and the highly selective receptor-mediated. In the latter membrane receptors bind with and internalize only selected target molecules.
Endocytosis
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uptake of solid particles
phagocytosis
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uptake of fluids
pinocytosis
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the longer phase of the cell cycle; metabolic phase
Interphase
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2 types of Cell Division
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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the process of dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei with exactly the same genes as the “mother” nucleus
• Mitosis
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division of the cytoplasm, which begins when mitosis is nearly completed
Cytokinesis
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Cytokinesis
Mitosis: Prophase
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The centrioles separate from each other and begin to move toward opposite sides of the cell, directing the assembly of mitotic spindle ( composed of microtubules) between them as they move.
Mitosis: Prophase
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By the end of phase, the nuclear envelope and the nucleoli have broken down and temporarily disappeared, and the chromosomes have attached randomly to the spindle fibers by their centromeres.
Mitosis: Prophase
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The chromosome line up at the metaphase plate
Mitosis: Metaphase
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The chromatids ( now called chromosomes again ) begin to move slowly apart, drawn toward opposite ends of the cell
Mitosis: Anaphase
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This careful division of sister chromatids ensures that each daughter cell gets one copy of every chromosomes
Mitosis: Anaphase
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The chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become threadlike chromatin again.
Mitosis: Telophase and Cytokinesis
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The spindle breaks down and diasappears, a nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass, and nucleoli appear in each of the daughter nuclei
Mitosis: Telophase and Cytokinesis
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Formation of cleavage furrow over the midline of the spindle
Mitosis: Telophase and Cytokinesis
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usually begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase
Cytokinesis
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Four Primary Tissue Types
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
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Covering and lining epithelium covers all free body surfaces, both inside and out, and contains versatile cells
Epithelial Tissue
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Function: Epithelial Tissue
- Protection
- Absorption
- Filtration
- Secretion
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fit closely together to form continuous sheets with the help of cell junctions.
• Epithelial cells
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The membranes always have one free ( unattached ) surface or edge, the Apical Surface
Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue
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rests on a Basement Membrane
• Basal Surface
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have no blood supply of their own
• Epithelial tissues
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regenerated themselves easily
Epithelial cells
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Classification of Epithelia: Based on number of cell layers
- Simple Epithelium
- Stratified Epithelium
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Classification of Epithelia: Based on cell shape
- Squamous cells
- Cuboidal cells
- Columnar cells
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Diffusion and Filtration and Secretion in serious membrane
Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells
Simple Columnar Epithelium
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True or false: No simple transitional epithelium exists
True
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Protection
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Protection; these tissue types are rare in humans
- Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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Protection; stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structures
Stratified Transional Epithelium
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It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissues types
Connective Tissue
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Function of Connective Tissue
- Protection
- Supporting
- Binding together other body tissues
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Characteristic of Connective Tissue (2)
• Variation in blood supply
• Extracellular Matrix
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Produced by the connective tissue cells and the secreted to their exterior
• Extracellular Matrix
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2 main elements of Extracellular Matrix
- 2 main elements: ground substance, fibers
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Types of Connective Tissue (5)
• Bone
• Cartilage
• Dense Connective Tissue
• Loose Connective Tissue
• Blood
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Three Types of Loose Connective Tissue
- Areolar Connective Tissue
- Adipose Connective Tissue
- Reticular Connective Tissue
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Osseous Tissue
Bone
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Composed of osteocytes sitting in cavities called lacunae
Bone
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These pits are surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts in addition to large numbers of collagen fibers
Bone
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Has an exceptional ability to protect and support other body organs
Bone
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Less hard and more flexible than bone
Cartilage
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major cell type of cartilage
chondrocytes
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Types of Cartilage (3)
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
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has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy, blue-white appearance
- Hyaline Cartilage
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highly compressible; collagen fibers are in thick bundles, tightly packed, and run in parallel
- Fibrocartilage
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shares many similarities with hyaline cartilage; matrix is very light staining
- Elastic Cartilage
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create a dark- staining network around the lacunae
Elastic fibers
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Dense fibrous tissue other name
Dense Connective Tissue
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the main element Dense Connective Tissue
Collagen fibers
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Crowded between the collagen fibers are row of fibroblasts that manufacture the building blocks of the fibers
Dense Connective Tissue
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Forms strong, ropelike structures such as Tendons and Ligaments
Dense Connective Tissue
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attach skeletal muscle to bones at joints
Tendons
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connect bones to bones at joints
Ligaments
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Softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood
Loose Connective Tissue
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3 main types Loose Connective Tissue
• Areolar Connective Tissue
• Adipose Connective Tissue
• Reticular Connective Tissue
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Fat; It is an areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells predominate
Adipose Connective Tissue
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A glistening droplet of oil occupies most of a fat cell’s volume and compresses the nucleus, displacing it to one side
Adipose Connective Tissue
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Insulates the body and protects it from bumps and extremes of both heat and cold
Adipose Connective Tissue
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Insulates the body and protects it from bumps and extremes of both heat and cold
Adipose Connective Tissue
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Vascular tissue
Blood
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It is considered a connective tissue because it consist of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma. The “ fibers” of blood are soluble proteins that become visible only during blood clotting
Blood
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Transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carrying nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, etc.
Blood
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Highly specialized to contact, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement
Muscle Tissue
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3 types of Muscle Tissues
• Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Attached to skeleton; Can be controlled voluntarily
Skeletal Muscle
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long, cylindrical and multinucleate, and they obvious striations
cells of skeletal muscle
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consist of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix called
blood plasma
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soluble proteins that become visible only during blood clotting
The “ fibers” of blood
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Is found only in the heart wall; As it contracts, the heart acts as pump to propel blood through the blood vessels
Cardiac Muscle
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Involuntary control; Has striations, but cardiac cells have only a single nucleus and are relatively short, branching cells that fit tightly together ( like clasped fongers ) at junctions called intercalated discs
Cardiac Muscle
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single nucleus and are relatively short, branching cells that fit tightly together ( like clasped fongers ) at junctions called
intercalated discs
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Found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, uterus, and blood vessel
Smooth Muscle
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its walls contracts, the cavity of an organ alternately become smaller or enlarges so that substances are mixed and/or propelled through the organ along specific pathway
Smooth Muscle
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For international communication and control
Nervous Tissue
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Neurons and supporting cells form the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous Tissue
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two major functional characteristic Nervous Tissue
Irritability and conductivity
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Inflammation
Tissue Injury
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Granulation tissue forms
Tissue Injury
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Tissue repair: (2)
Regeneration and Fibrosis
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replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind cells
• Regeneration
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involves repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, by the formation of scar tissue
• Fibrosis
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osteocytes sitting in cavities called
lacunae
