Cells And Tissues Flashcards by Eleanor Cherry

Where are ribosomes formed

Nucleolus

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What is the cell membrane ?

What is its function?

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
Retains chemicals in cell and creates cell boundary
Communication
Monitors substances in and out the cell

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Which type of cell has larger ribosomes ?

Eukaryotic

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What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ?

Protein production :
Lysosomal enzymes
Secreted proteins
Integral membrane proteins

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What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ?

Lipid production 
In liver - glycogen to glucose 
In adrenal medulla - steroid hormone production 
In muscle - calcium storage 
Detoxifying into water soluable products

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Functions of the Golgi apparatus

Protein modification
Storage of proteins
Packaging of proteins

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What are vacuoles

Single membrane storage areas

Made via the fusion of many vesicles

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What are vesicles

Much smaller deal with transport of molecules in and out of the cell

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What are lysosomes and what do they do ?

Large vesicles
Contain hydrologic enzymes
Extra cellular breakdown of materials - phagocytosis

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What makes up the cytoskeleton ?

What is the function ?

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, micro filaments

Maintain cells shape, cell movement, organelle movement, movement of chromosomes

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What are the phases of the cell cycle (in order) and what occurs in them ?

G0: terminally differentiated cells 
G1: cells differentiate and perform functions 
S: nuclear Dna replication 
G2: cells prepare for mitotic devision 
M: mitosis occurs

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What are the stages of mitosis and what occurs ?

Prophase - chromosomes visible, shorten, no nucleolus
Metaphase - chromosomes align in centre
Anaphase - chromatids to opposite poles
Telophase - chromatid - chromosome, envelope forms
Cytokinesis - cytoplasmic division

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What are the 4 types of tissues ?

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

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What can cause changes to tissues ?

Stress - physical and chemical 
Infection 
Poor diet 
Genetic / congenital 
Degenerative , neoplasms

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What is the limit of resolution for the eye ?

What is the limit for a microscope ?

Eye - 0.2mm

Microscope - 0.2 micrometers

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What are the stages in tissue preparation ?

Fixation 
Dehydration 
Embedding 
Sectioning 
Staining

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What are the characteristics of epithelial ?

Highly cellular
Very little extra cellular matrix
Cells bind via adhesions/ junctions
Avascular - avoids blood loss !

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What is epithelial tissue at risk of ?

At risk of abnormal growth and tumours when regenerating as most common in areas of wear and tear

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What are the sides of epithelial cells called ?

Free apical surface
Lateral surfaces
Basal surface

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What are microvilli ?

What are the functions ?

Cytoplasmic protrusions

Increases surface area for absorption

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What are cillia ?

Where are they found ?

Motile hair like projections
Beat in coordinated movements to move substances
Found in respiratory epithelium

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What are stereocilla ?

Where are they found ?

Non motile longer projections
Limited
Only In sensory hair cells of inner ear - epididymis / vas deferens
Increase surface area for absorption

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Disease associated with epithelial ? Specifically oral mucosa

Apthalous ulceration
Common in 20% of population
Caused by local trauma or deficiencies in iron/ vit b12

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What type of epithelium if found in lining blood vessels, heart , alveoli

Simple squamous

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What type of epithelium is found in glands, some ducts, bronchioles and stomach ?

Simple columnar

What type of epithelium is found in the skin ? And the mouth larynx oesophagus ?

Skin - keratinised stratified squamous | Rest - non keratinised stratified squamous

What epithelium is found in salivary gland ducts, sweat glands and ovarian follicle cells (rare)

Stratified cuboidal

What are the functions of simple squamous ?

Diffusion , filtration absorption | Little barrier against friction

What is the function of simple columnar ?

Some have cillia so movement of substances, absorption, secretion Offers more protection

What is the function of stratified squamous ?

Protection against friction , barrier to infection, reduction of water loss

What is the function of stratified cuboidal ?

Secretion , absorption, protection against infection

What is the function of psuedostratified columnar ?

Almost always ciliated | Synthesise and secrete mucous, movement of mucous

What epithelium is found in the lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, bronchi, trachea ?

Psuedostratified ciliated columnar

What special type of epithelium lines the bladder? | Why is is special ?

Transitional epithelium | Changes to accommodate great stretch and recoil with no damage to cells

What are the three main classes of connective tissue ?

Proper - loose/ dense Supporting - bone/ cartilage Fluid - blood / haemopoietic

What are the functions of connective tissue ?

Connections Support Protection Separation Cushioning / insulation Transportation ( blood )

Common characteristics of connective tissue ?

Common germ layer - embryonic mesenchyme | 2 components - specialised cells + ecm

What is extra cellular matrix made up of ?

Protein fibres | Ground substance

Blasts ? Cytes? Clasts ?

Create Maintain Breakdown

What is ground substance ? And what is it like ?

Fluid and gel like Cell adhesion proteins act as glue Proteoglycans acts and core to which gags attach Allows movement

What are examples of cell adhesion proteins ?

Fibronectin Osteonectin Chondronectin

What are some important glycosaminoglycans ?

``` Hyaluronic acid Chonorotin sulphate Keperan sulphate Dematon sulphate Keraton sulphate ```

Which is the most abundant connective fibre ?

Collagen

What type of collagen is cartilage ?

Type 2

What type of collagen are reticular fibres ?

Type 3

What classification are areolar, reticular, adipose ?

Loose proper - not so many fibres

What fibres fall into the proper dense classification ?

Regular / irregular elastic Regular/ irregular collagen Greater number of fibres

Where is areolar tissue found ?

Skin / underlying muscle

Where are reticular fibres found

Lymph nodes, liver

What type of elastic is found in the dermis of skin ?

Irregular collagenous

What is scurvy ? What is is caused by ? What are the effects ?

Defective collagen fibres - unstable Due to vitamin c deficiency ( ascorbic acid ) Bleeding from capillaries Bleeding gums, loosened teeth

What is marfans syndrome What causes it ? What are features of the disease ?

Defective elastic fibres due to abnormal production of fibrillin 1 Over growth of tissues - very tall, greater arm span Dilated aorta, valve prolapse High arched palate, crowding, rotation of upper incisors

What are the 3 types of cartilage ?

Hyaline , elastic , fibro

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage ? | Where is is found ?

Most abundant | Articular joints, costal (ribs) nasal pathway , embryonic skeleton, growth plate

What is different about fibro cartilage ? | Where is is found ?

Lacks perichondrium | Invertebral disks, symphysis pubis, articular disks of tmj, menisci of knee joint

What are the percentage components of bone ?

Organic - 35% protein fibres and proteoglycans | Inorganic - 65% calcium and phosphate

What is concentric lamellae ?

Surrounds the osteon

What is an osteon ?

Central Canal and vessels surrounded by concentric lamellae and osteocytes in lacunae Havesian system

What is a volkman canal ?

Where blood vessels enter via canals perpendicular to the long axis

What is outer lamellae called ?

Circumferential

What is lamellae inbetween osteons called ?

Interstitial

What are the 3 layers of the skin ?

Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis ?

``` S. Corneum S. Lucidium S.granulosum S. Spinosum S. Basale ```

What cells make up the s. Corneum

Dead keratinocytes, these shed off - protection

Which layer is only present in thick skin ?

S. Lucidium

What cells are in the s. Spinosum

Living keratinocytes, denitrific cells , melanocytes

What are merkel cells ?

Sensory receptors

What are langerhans cells

Antigen presenting immune cells

What are the two layers of the dermis and what do they contain?

Papillary - projects into epidermis contains nerve endings and blood vessels Reticular - dense and fibrous

What are the layers of mucous membranes ? | Where are they found ?

Epithelium, lamina propria ( supportive areolar) Any surface continuous with external environment Lubricated with mucin

Which type of papilla don't have taste buds ?

Filiform papilla

What are the features of cardiac muscle ?

``` Branched One centrally located nuclei Intercalated disks Striated Large diameter, small length ```

What are the features of smooth muscle ?

Fusiform, Central nuclei Non striated Small diameter Medium length

What are the features of skeletal muscle ?

``` Long cylindrical Many peripheral nuclei Striated Very large diameter Very large length ```

What is the outer layer of muscle called ?

Epimysium

What layer is wrapped around each muscle fascicle

Perimysium

What tissue is around each muscle fibre ?

Endomysium

Short range hormone activity ? | Long range hormone activity ?

Paracrine | Neurocrine

What patterns of secretion are there ?

Chronic - over days and weeks Acute - over minutes/ hours Episodic - over days

What types of regulation are there in the body ?

Humoural - blood Bourne molecules Neural - neurone stimulated hormone production Hormonal - one stimulated another

What type of exocrine glands are found in the stomach ?

Simple tubular branched

What type of glands are mucous glands ?

Compound tubular

What is a merocrine gland ?

Vesicles release contents, ducts release outwards

What is a apocrine gland ?

Part of cell released with contents - cell debris

What is a holocrine gland ?

Dying cells release secretory product - cell debris

What is extra cellular fluid made of ?

Interstitial fluid - 11 litres | Plasma - 3 litres

How many litres of Inter cellular fluid is there ?

Cells And Tissues Flashcards

(87 cards)