Muscles And The Heart

Question 0

What constrictors do endothelial cells release ?

Answer 0

Endothelin

Thromboxane

Question 1

What are the functions of endothelial cells ?

Answer 1

Blood vessel control
Prevent platelet aggregation and blood clot formation
Angiogenesis and vessel remodelling
Permeable barrier for nutrients and fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 2

What dilators do endothelial cells release ?

Answer 2

Nitric oxide

Prostacyclin

Question 3

What is normal blood pressure ?

Answer 3

120/80 ( systole / diastole )

Question 4

How do you work out mean arterial pressure ?

Answer 4

Diastolic bp + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 5

What is cardiac output equal to ?

Answer 5

Stroke volume * heart rate

Question 6

In an ecg : what does the p wave equal ?

Answer 6

Atrial depolarisation

Question 7

What does the QRS complex equal ?

Answer 7

Ventricular depolarisation

Question 8

What does the t wave equal ?

Answer 8

Ventricular re polarisation

Question 9

What does the p-r interval represent ?

Answer 9

Delay through the av node

Question 10

What does the s-t interval represent

Answer 10

Plateau phase of a.p

Question 11

What is positive inotrophy

Answer 11

Increases force of contraction

Question 12

What is positive choronotrophy

Answer 12

Increases heart rate

Question 13

Positive lusitrophy ?

Answer 13

Increase speed of relaxation

Question 14

What is positive dromotrophy

Answer 14

Increases speed of conduction

Question 15

What is MABP ?

Answer 15

Mean arterial blood pressure - cardiac output * total peripheral resistance

Question 16

Where are baroreceptors

What do they respond to ?

Answer 16

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

Respond to stretching pressure change

Question 17

When do the lungs develop ?

Answer 17

32 weeks

Question 18

In foetus what diverts blood away from the lungs via the pulmonary vein

Answer 18

To aorta via ductus arteriosus

Question 19

What does the ductus venousus do ?

Answer 19

Diverted umbilical vein blood from the vena cava

Question 20

What does the foramen ovale do ?

What does it become after birth

Answer 20

Hole between atria prevents blood going to lungs

Becomes fossa ovalis

Question 21

What can cause infective endocarditis

Answer 21

Strep. Viridans

Staph. Aureus

Question 22

What factors control blood flow ?

Answer 22

Length of tube
Viscosity of liquid
Pressure gradient
Cross sectional area of the tube

Question 23

What is the poiseuille equation ?

Answer 23

Blood flow (q) = (

Question 24

What do we have to assume when using the equation

Answer 24

- flow is laminar - flow is non pulsated - flow is straight through uniformed tube

Question 25

What percentage of blood plasma is albumins ?

Answer 25

60%

Question 26

What percentage is globulins ?

Answer 26

35%

Question 27

What percentage is fibrinogen ?

Answer 27

4% (key component of blood clot)

Question 28

What percentage are regulatory proteins ?

Answer 28

1%

Question 29

What percentage of blood is cells ?

Answer 29

55%

Question 30

What percentage of blood is plasma ?

Answer 30

45%

Question 31

Where is red bone marrow found ?

Answer 31

Skull (vault) Top/bottom ends of long bones e.g femur Pelvis

Question 32

What is the life span of a red blood cell ?

Answer 32

120 days

Question 33

What are old red blood cells removed by ?

Answer 33

MP system | Mononuclearphagocyte system

Question 34

What are rbc broken down into ?

Answer 34

Protein - amino acid pool | Haem - iron - biliverdin - bilirubin - excreted as bile pigment

Question 35

What is required for erythropoiesis to occur successfully ?

Answer 35

Folic acid and vitamin b 12 iron

Question 36

What regulates rbc formation?

Answer 36

Erythropoietin

Question 37

What is the rbc on day 1

Answer 37

Proerythroblast

Question 38

Day 2 ?

Answer 38

Basophillic erythroblast

Question 39

Day 3

Answer 39

Polychromatophillic erythroblast

Question 40

Day 4?

Answer 40

Normoblast - ejection of nucleus

Question 41

Day 5-7 ?

Answer 41

Reticulocyte | Enters circulation

Question 42

What percentage of wbc are neutrophils ? What are they associated with ? What do they look like ?

Answer 42

50-70% Acute inflammation, phagocytic non specific defense Multi-nucleated 2x rbc size

Question 43

What percentage are basophils ? What are they associated with ? What do they look like ?

Answer 43

1% Circulating masts cells produce histamine / heparin Dark mass 3x rbc

Question 44

What percentage are eosinophils ? What are they associated with ? What do they look like ?

Answer 44

2-4% Involved in allergic reactions and defence against parasites Bilobed nucleus 3x size

Question 45

Which cells are granulocytes?

Answer 45

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Question 46

Which cells are agranulocytes?

Answer 46

Monocytes | Lymphocytes

Question 47

What percentage of cells are monocytes ? What are they associated with? What do they look like ?

Answer 47

2-8% Become macrophages, antigen presenting cells Dark bilobed nucleus Much bigger

Question 48

What percentage are lymphocytes ? What are they associated with ? What do they look like ?

Answer 48

25-30% Cell mediated immunity (t) Humoural immunity ( antibody producing B cells ) Large dark nucleus - fills most of space

Question 49

What are platelets derived from ?

Answer 49

Megakarocytes

Question 50

What are the roles of platelets

Answer 50

``` Involved in haemostasis Release vasoconstrictors Form platelet plug Source of phospholipid for coagulation Normal amount is 150-400x10^9 per litre ```

Question 51

Which blood groups are most common ? | Which is the rarest

Answer 51

A and O | AB

Question 52

Which is the most common rhesus

Answer 52

RH +

Question 53

Which blood group is the universal donor ?

Answer 53

Blood group O-

Question 54

Which blood group is universal recipient ?

Answer 54

Group AB

Question 55

What vessels form the superior vena cava

Answer 55

L and R Brachiocephalic veins

Question 56

Why may bp increase in lungs

Answer 56

May be a superior vena cava obstruction

Question 57

How many valvules in aortic valves

Answer 57

3

Question 58

Where are the aortic sinuses | What arises close to them

Answer 58

Just above aortic valve | Coronary arteries

Question 59

Where does blood enter right atria

Answer 59

Via superior and inferior vena cava | Deoxygenated

Question 60

Where does blood enter the left atria

Answer 60

Left and right pulmonary veins | Oxygenated