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Systems: Neurology AB > Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

PNS (cranial and spinal nerves)

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A
  • Sensory (afferent) division

- Motor (efferent) division

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the motor (efferent) division?

A
  • Somatic motor

- Autonomic

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

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5
Q

What are neurons?

A

Structural and functional units which are excitable cells

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6
Q

What are impulses carried as in neurons?

A

Action potentials

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7
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Non excitable supporting cells which are much smaller than neurons

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8
Q

What is the structure of a typical neuron?

A

Multiple dendrites with one axon

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9
Q

How do the impulse transmissions travel in neurons?

A

Impulse transmission is by action potentials which can travel in only one direction from cell body to synaptic terminal

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10
Q

What is found inside the nucleus of an axon?

A
  • Loose chromatin

- Prominent nucleolus

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11
Q

What cell organelles are present in neurones?

A
  • Mitochondria
  • rER (Nissl bodies)
  • Diffuse Golgi apparatus
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12
Q

What is the metabolic rate of axons?

A

High

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm in the cell body of neurons?

A

Perikaryon

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14
Q

What is the cytoplasm in the axon of neurons?

A

Axoplasm

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15
Q

What is meant by neurons being long living and amitotic?

A

After development they will persist. If it dies it will not regenerate however, the axon can regrow.

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16
Q

What part of the neuron can grow back if damaged?

A

Axon

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17
Q

What happens if the cell body of a neuron is damaged?

A

The loss is irreversible

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18
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

Increase conduction speed in axons by ‘salutatory conduction’

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19
Q

What is the myelin sheath formed by in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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20
Q

What is the myelin sheath formed by in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

In myelinated axons, what is formed?

A

Mesoaxon

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22
Q

What happens when Schwann cells wrap around axons?

A

The cytoplasm of the cell gets extruded leaving only the cell membrane

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23
Q

Give an example of a condition which involves demyelination.

A

Multiple sclerosis

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24
Q

What happens to the myelin sheath in MS?

A

Patchy loss/scarring of myelin sheath (demyelination)

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25
What does demyelination cause?
Nerve conduction across affected axons becomes abnormal
26
What is the cause of MS?
Cause is unknown | May be linked to autoimmunity or viral illness
27
What can be seen on MRI of MS?
Whitish plaques of demyelination
28
What country has the highest prevalence of MS in the world?
Scotland
29
What is the prognosis of MS?
Variable
30
What types of neuron are there?
- Multipolar - Bipolar - Pseudounipolar
31
What type of neurons are multipolar neurons?
- Interneurons | - Motor neurons
32
What type of neurons are bipolar neurons?
- Olfactory mucosa | - Retinal nerve fibres
33
What type of neurons are pseudounipolar neurons?
Sensory neurons
34
How are cell bodies and non-myelinated axons organised?
Form grey matter (if diffuse) or nuclei (if localised)
35
How are myelinated axons organised?
Form white matter (diffuse) or tracts (bundles of axons carrying specific information within the white matter)
36
In the periphery, what do myelinated axons form?
Nerves
37
In the periphery, what do cell bodies form?
Ganglia
38
Where are neuroglia found?
PNS and CNS
39
What neuroglia are found in the PNS?
- Satellite cells | - Schwann cells
40
What neuroglia are found in the CNS?
- Ependymal cells - Microglia - Oligodendrocytes - Astrocytes
41
What is the function of satellite cells?
Surround neuronal cell bodies
42
What is the function of Schwann cells?
Myelination
43
What is the function of ependymal cells?
Line ventricles
44
What is the function of astrocytes?
- Have end feet - Surround synapses and capillaries - Help in K buffering
45
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Myelination
46
What is the function of microglia?
Involved in phagocytosis and scar tissue formation
47
In development, in which embryological layer does the neural plate form?
Surface ectoderm
48
How does the neural plate become the neural tube?
It folds over
49
What do the neural crest cells do?
They migrate and form many structures and organs
50
What does the neural tube form?
Nervous system
51
What happens to the neural tube as soon as it is formed?
It divides into 3 primary vesicles during week 4 and secondary vesicles during week 5
52
What do the vesicles of the neural tube develop into?
Brain
53
What are the primary vesicles of the neural tube?
- Prosencephalon (forebrain) - Mesencephalon (midbrain) - Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
54
What are the secondary vesicles of the neural tube?
- Telencephalon - Diencephalon - Mesencephalon - Metencephalon - Myeloncephalon
55
What do the cavities of the neural tube persist as?
Ventricles
56
What do the ventricle contain?
CSF
57
Where do the lateral ventricles lie?
Cerebral hemispheres
58
What does the interventricular foramen connect?
Lateral ventricles to the III ventricle within the diencephalon
59
Where does the cerebral aqueduct lie?
Midbrain
60
Where does the IV ventricle lie?
Hindbrain
61
What are the 3 layers of covering of the CNS?
- Dura mater - Arachnoid mater - Pia mater
62
What are the features of the dura mater?
- Tough - Fibrous - Has dural folds
63
What are the features of the pia mater?
- Vascularised | - Dips into the folds of the brain
64
What is the subdural space?
A potential space which is traversed by blood vessels penetrating into the CNS
65
What does the subarachnoid space contain?
CSF
66
What is the CSF?
- The fluid inside the cavity of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord - It is also present surrounding the brain and spinal cord between the layers of meninges (Pia and arachnoid)
67
What is the CSF responsible for?
Maintenance of ICP
68
Where is the CSF formed?
Choroid plexus
69
Where is the CSF absorbed?
Arachnoid villi
70
What are the layers of the scalp?
- Skin - Cutaneous tissue - Aponeurosis - Loose areolar tissue - Pericranium
71
What dural folds are there within the brain?
-Falx cerebri -Tentorium cerebelli -Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae
72
What is the blood brain barrier?
Is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain and prevents harmful amino acids & ions present in the bloodstream and blood cells from entering the brain.
73
What are the components of the BBB?
- Endothelium tight junction - Thick basal lamina - Foot processes of astrocytes
74
Where is the BBB absent?
BBB is absent in a few ‘circumventricular’ organs: parts of hypothalamus, posterior pituitary.
75
How does the BBB affect drug delivery to the CNS?
Plays a major role in drug delivery to CNS. Drugs have to be lipid soluble or use suitable vectors.
76
Where is the CSF circulated?
Subarachnoid space

Systems: Neurology AB (51 decks)

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