cells and transport test

Question 1

cell membrain FUNCTIONS:

Answer 1

1. Selectively Permeable or Semipermeable:
   Regulates what enters/leaves the cell.
2. Separates inside cytoplasm from extracellular
   (outside) environment.
3. Receives chemical messengers (hormones,
   neurotransmitters, medicines) & passes the info to
   the cell so it can respond.

Question 2

CHOLESTEROL:

Answer 2

Located b/w the fatty
acids to stabilize &
strengthen the flexible cell
membrane.

Question 3

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER:

Answer 3

– Determines what
molecules can enter &
leave the cell based on
their charge & size.

Question 4

Anchor
Proteins:

Answer 4

keep
cells attached
forming tissues.

Question 5

Enzymatic
Proteins:

Answer 5

catalyze
METABOLIC
reactions.

• Active site exposed to
  substances in cytoplasm.

Question 6

Identifier (Cell
Recognition) Proteins:

Answer 6

helps immune system
distinguish “self” vs.
foreign.
▪ Have unique carbohydrate
chains attached!

Question 7

Receptor Proteins:

Answer 7

receive
chemical messengers & pass the
info to the cell so it can RESPOND!

Question 8

Target Cells:

Answer 8

have specifically
shaped receptor proteins for only
certain chemical messengers.

Question 9

Hormones &
Neurotransmitters:

Answer 9

types of
chemical messengers that bind
to specific receptors in order to
transmit a message.

Question 10

Channel Proteins:

Answer 10

provides a
hydrophilic channel so charged
substances can cross the
membrane.

Question 11

Carrier Proteins:

Answer 11

change shape
while shuttling SPECIFICALLY
SHAPED substances across the
membrane.

Question 12

Living Cells:

Answer 12

H2O = ~98%
Solutes = 2%
(glucose, salt, O2, CO2

, amino

acids, etc.)

Question 13

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT:

Answer 13

Difference in
solute [ ]
b/w 2 areas.

Question 14

EQUILIBRIUM:

Answer 14

Solute & H2O
molecules are
equally
distributed, &
continue moving
evenly in all
directions.

Question 15

DIFFUSION:

Answer 15

Movement of molecules
from high 🡪 low [ ]
w/out use of ATP
energy (usable energy).

Question 16

Simple diffusion

Answer 16

through the phospholipids: nonpolar
molecules (small lipids, steroids, gases) can pass b/w the
phospholipids because they can interact with the
nonpolar fatty acid tails!

Question 17

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 17

through transport proteins:
charged substances (glucose, H2O, ions, polar molecules)
CANNOT interact w/ nonpolar fatty acid tails, SO they
must diffusion through a transport protein.

Question 18

WHAT ABOUT LARGE POLYMERS, LIKE
PROTEINS OR POLYSACCHARIDES?

Answer 18

TOO LARGE to diffuse across the membrane…
SO they must be hydrolyzed into monomers & then can
diffuse across the membrane.

Question 19

OSMOSIS:

Answer 19

PASSIVE TRANSPORT OF
WATER

Question 20

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION:

Answer 20

solution that has a HIGHER [ ]
of solute.

Question 21

ISOTONIC SOLUTION:

Answer 21

the solutions outside of cell
and inside the cytoplasm
have an equal solute [ ].

Question 22

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION:

Answer 22

solution that has a lower [ ] of
solute.

Question 23

Plasmolysis:

Answer 23

cell membrane
pulls away from cell wall as
water leaves by osmosis.

Question 24

Turgor Pressure:

Answer 24

the entering
water fills the central vacuole,
& cell membrane presses
against cell wall.
Maintains upright position of the
plant!

Question 25

ACTIVE TRANSPORT:

Answer 25

molecules pumped from Low to High [ ], w/ the use of ATP energy! (usable energy that fuels life functions)

Question 26

ALL LIVING CELLS:

Answer 26

1. Maintain homeostasis (dynamic equilibrium) 2.Carry out metabolism: 3.Carry out Life Functions!

Question 27

LIFE FUNCTIONS: 3 R’s

Answer 27

Regulation – control/coordination of all life functions. Reproduction – production of new individuals of a species. Respiration – breaking down glucose (organic) to transfer its energy to ATP molecules (containing usable energy that fuels life functions).

Question 28

LIFE FUNCTIONS: 3 GENTS

Answer 28

LIFE FUNCTIONS: 3 R’S GENTS Growth – increase in cell size and cell #. Excretion – elimination of cellular waste (nitrogenous wastes, carbon dioxide, water, salt, etc.) Nutrition – 1) Ingestion – taking in food (heterotrophs only) 🡪 autotrophs make their own food! 2) Digestion – breaking down food. 3) Egestion – eliminate solid waste.

Question 29

EUKARYOTES:

Answer 29

Have a nucleus & mitochondria! Many specialized & complex organelles. DNA on chromosomes inside the nucleus. Ex. Plants, animals, fungi & protists.

Question 30

PROKARYOTES:

Answer 30

No nucleus, no mitochondria. Very few organelles. Cell is small & simple. DNA/single chromosome floats in cytoplasm (in nucleoid region). Ex. Bacteria (Archaebacteria & Eubacteria)

Question 31

SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISM:

Answer 31

Organism made of 1 cell. Ex. Bacteria & protists such as ameba, euglena, paramecia

Question 32

MULTI-CELLED ORGANISM:

Answer 32

Organism made up of many cells! Ex. Animals, plants, some fungi Organization of LIFE in a Multi-celled Organism – Smallest Largest cell 🡪 tissue 🡪 organ 🡪 organ system 🡪 organism

Question 33

CELL SPECIALIZATION IN MULTI-CELLED ORGANISMS:

Answer 33

Cells use different parts of their genetic code to perform specific functions w/in an organism! Specialized cells take on unique shapes & roles to maintain homeostasis!

Question 34

ORGANELLES:

Answer 34

Structures w/in a cell that carry out specific life functions.

Question 35

NUCLEUS:

Answer 35

Controls cell activities (contains chromatin/ chromosomes).

Question 36

CHROMATIN (CHROMOSOMES):

Answer 36

contains instructions for making proteins! * In prep. for cell division...the loose, thread-like chromatin condenses into tightly packed chromosomes!

Question 37

NUCLEOLUS:

Answer 37

Makes ribosomes.

Question 38

CENTRIOLES:

Answer 38

Aid in cell division. (In animal cells ONLY)

Question 39

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE (ENVELOPE):

Answer 39

Regulates what enters/leaves the nucleus.

Question 40

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER):

Answer 40

* Makes phospholipids! * Transports substances. * Decreases toxins.

Question 41

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER):

Answer 41

Modifies proteins made by ribosomes & sends them to the Golgi Apparatus.

Question 42

RIBOSOMES:

Answer 42

make proteins (protein synthesis).

Question 43

GOLGI APPARATUS:

Answer 43

Modifies proteins (adds carbohydrate chains or lipids to them) & packages them for exocytosis or cell use!

Question 44

VACUOLE:

Answer 44

Stores water, wastes, proteins, salts, food, etc. until they are used or eliminated by the cell.

Question 45

LYSOSOMES:

Answer 45

Contain digestive enzymes that break down food, worn out organelles & foreign substances. (In animal cells ONLY)

Question 46

MITOCHONDRIA:

Answer 46

Conducts Cellular Respiration 🡪 breaks down glucose & transfers the energy to ATP which fuels cell activities!

Question 47

CYTOPLASM:

Answer 47

Fluid-like substance that transports materials & holds organelles “loosely” in place.

Question 48

CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE:

Answer 48

Selectively permeable, receives chemical messages & separates internal from external environment.

Question 49

CENTRAL VACUOLE:

Answer 49

Stores water & presses against the cell membrane & cell wall, creating Turgor Pressure!

Question 50

CELL WALL:

Answer 50

Provides support & rigidity to the cell.

Question 51

CHLOROPLAST:

Answer 51

Conducts Photosynthesis: absorbs light, H2O & CO2 to make GLUCOSE (food) & O2

Question 52

CYTOSKELETON:

Answer 52

Network of protein filaments - help maintain cell shape & are involved in cell movement.

Question 53

MICROTUBULES:

Answer 53

Hollow tubes of protein. * Helps keep cell shape. * Serve as “tracks” that organelles can move along. * Help separate chromosomes during cell division. * Form “hair-like” projections (cilia & flagella) from the cell’s surface that aid in locomotion of single-celled organisms.

Question 54

MICROFILAMENTS:

Answer 54

Long thin protein fibers. Aid in cell support & movement.