Immune systems

Question 1

Immune System overall goal

Answer 1

defends body against pathogens (foreign invaders).

Question 2

Innate Immunity:

Answer 2

NONSPECIFIC immunity that responds the
SAME way to any type of pathogen, whether or
not it has been encountered previously.
goal to keep pathogens out and prevent them from entering the bloodstream

Question 3

Barrier defenses:

Answer 3

provide a physical barrier
& secretions to keep pathogens OUT.

Question 4

Cellular innate defenses:

Answer 4

fight pathogens that get through the skin.
Includes:
◦ Phagocytic WBCs: recognize pathogens based on surface molecules
unique to that particular group (Ex. bacteria vs. virus)
◦ Engulf pathogens & destroys them!
◦ Present antigens to WBCs so they can mount a specific attack if needed!

Question 5

◦ Antimicrobial Proteins:

Answer 5

destroy pathogens & recruit phagocytes (WBCs)!

Question 6

interferons

Answer 6

infected cells spread message to not let in more bacteria, try to help slow the spread of disease

Question 7

complement system

Answer 7

breaks down cell wall and attracts phagocytes to premot immunity.

Question 8

inflammatory response

Answer 8

• increases blood flow
• phagocytes activated
• capillary permeability increased
• complement activated
• clotting reaction walls off region
  -regional temperature increased
• if needed specific defense activated

Question 9

Antimicrobial Proteins Produced During the Innate Immune Response

Answer 9

-Proteins that inhibit viral replication.

• 30+ proteins that enhance immune
  response.
• Triggered by tissue damage & leads to
  release of chemical signals.

Question 10

Adaptive
(Acquired)
Immunity:

Answer 10

WBCs respond to
pathogens based on their
specifically shaped antigens.

Question 11

Antigens:

Answer 11

specifically shaped proteins on the surface of pathogens that trigger an
immune response!
How? WBCs have specific RECEPTORS that recognize antigen shapes!

Question 12

How do antibodies work?

Answer 12

1. Neutralize pathogens by blocking parts of
   pathogens necessary for invasion & survival.
2. Antibodies bind to antigens & “tag”
   pathogens/infected cells for attack by WBCs.
3. Activates complement system proteins that
   bind to & lyse pathogens!

Question 14

Immune System:

Answer 14

defends body against pathogens (foreign invaders).

Question 15

Innate Immunity:

Answer 15

NONSPECIFIC immunity that responds the
SAME way to any type of pathogen, whether or
not it has been encountered previously.
Goal? Keep pathogens OUT or prevent them from
entering the bloodstream.

Question 16

Barrier defenses:

Answer 16

provide a physical barrier
& secretions to keep pathogens OUT.

Question 17

Cellular innate defenses:

Answer 17

fight pathogens that get through the skin.
Includes:
◦ Phagocytic WBCs: recognize pathogens based on surface molecules
unique to that particular group (Ex. bacteria vs. virus)
◦ Engulf pathogens & destroys them!
◦ Present antigens to WBCs so they can mount a specific attack if needed!

Question 18

Antimicrobial Proteins:

Answer 18

destroy pathogens & recruit phagocytes (WBCs)!

Question 19

Antimicrobial Proteins Produced During the Innate Immune Response

Answer 19

-Proteins that inhibit viral replication.

-30+ proteins that enhance immune
response.

-Triggered by tissue damage & leads to
release of chemical signals.

Question 20

interferons

Answer 20

increase resistance of cells to infection, infected cells tell healthy cells to not let pathogens in order to not get infected.

Question 21

complement system

Answer 21

attacks and breaks down cell wall attracts phagocytes and creates inflammation

Question 22

inflammatory response

Answer 22

• blood flow increased
• phagocytes activated
  -capillary permeability increased
• complement activated
  -clotting reaction walls off region
• regional temperature increased
• specific defense activated if needed

Question 23

Adaptive
(Acquired)
Immunity

Answer 23

WBCs respond to
pathogens based on their
specifically shaped antigens.

Question 24

Antigens:

Answer 24

specifically shaped proteins on the surface of pathogens that trigger an
immune response!
How? WBCs have specific RECEPTORS that recognize antigen shapes!

Question 25

Antibodies:

Answer 25

proteins secreted by B cells (WBCs) into the blood during an immune response. ◦ Have a complementary shape to the invading antigen!

Question 26

How do antibodies work?

Answer 26

1. Neutralize pathogens by blocking parts of pathogens necessary for invasion & survival. 2. Antibodies bind to antigens & “tag” pathogens/infected cells for attack by WBCs. 3. Activates complement system proteins that bind to & lyse pathogens!

Question 27

Helper T Cells:

Answer 27

once activated by an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC), they secrete chemical signals (called cytokines) that trigger BOTH plasma B cells & cytotoxic T cells to join the immune response!

Question 28

Cytotoxic (Killer) T Cells:

Answer 28

attack “infected” body cells.

Question 29

Plasma B Cells:

Answer 29

make specific antibodies matching the invading antigen shape!

Question 30

Process?

Answer 30

◦Plasma B cells w/ specific receptors bind to complementary shaped antigens. ◦Once activated by Helper T Cell cytokines, plasma B cells secrete antibodies into the blood.

Question 31

Memory B Cells:

Answer 31

Cells: memorize antigen shape & trigger an IMMEDIATE immune response if the same antigen invades a 2nd time.

Question 32

Primary Immune Response

Answer 32

◦Occurs when body is 1st exposed to a NEW antigen shape & WBCs are activated!

Question 33

Secondary Immune Response

Answer 33

◦Occurs when the SAME antigen shape is encountered @ a later time. ◦ Faster response of a greater magnitude! ◦ Memory B cells rapidly activate & MORE specific antibodies are immediately made.

Question 34

Vaccination:

Answer 34

injection of a weakened/deactivated pathogen w/antigens! ◦ Stimulates an Adaptive Immune Response to the specifically shaped antigens. ◦ Primary Immune Response occurs 🡪 creation of specific B & T Cells, antibodies, etc. ◦ So...exposure to the REAL, harmful pathogen w/ same shaped antigens is reacted to as a Secondary Immune Response 🡪 faster @ a greater magnitude!

Question 35

Allergies :

Answer 35

misguided reaction to antigens found on substances (allergens) that are ordinarily harmless.

Question 36

Organ Transplants :

Answer 36

antigens on transplanted cells are seen as foreign & trigger an immune response in the recipient’s body! ◦Donated organ is attacked & begins to fail.

Question 37

Pathogens:

Answer 37

infectious agent that causes disease (has specific antigens on its surface). bacteria, fungi, virusis, protazo

Question 38

Viruses:

Answer 38

abiotic particles that must infect a living cell in order to replicate/reproduce.

Question 39

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV):

Answer 39

infects & attacks Helper T cells (also called CD4 cells). ◦Helper T cells cannot stimulate plasma B cells or cytotoxic T cells. ◦Immune system weakens, WBC count decreases, antibodies aren’t made as fast 🡪 leads to AIDS.

Question 40

SARS-CoV-2

Answer 40

strain of coronavirus not previously identified in humans until 2019. ◦Unique/NEW antigen shape was not been encountered until recently, leading to a pandemic.