Cells and Transports (C2) - UPDATED

Question 1

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 1

Controls what enters and exits the cell.

Question 2

What is the function of the cytoplasm

Answer 2

Is the fluid inside the cell where chemical reactions occur.

Question 3

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 3

Produces lipids and detoxifies proteins

Question 4

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

Synthesises proteins and is covered in ribosomes

Question 5

What is the function of ribosomes

Answer 5

They are the site of protein synthesis

Question 6

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 6

Maintains cell shape and movement

Question 7

What is the function of lysosomes

Answer 7

Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste

Question 8

What is the function of the nucleus

Answer 8

Controls cell activities and stores DNA.

Question 9

What is the function of the mitochondria

Answer 9

Site of cellular respiration (produces energy)

Question 10

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

Modifies and packages proteins for transport.

Question 11

What is the function of microfilaments

Answer 11

Support and shape the cell

Question 12

What is the function of flagella

Answer 12

Assist in movement (eg. sperm cell tails)

Question 13

What is the function of centrioles

Answer 13

Organise microtubes during cell division.

Question 14

What s the function of cytosol

Answer 14

Fluid part of the cytoplasm that supports cell structure and transports molecules

Question 15

What is the function of vesicles

Answer 15

Transport, store or digest substances within the cell.

Question 16

What is the fluid mosaic model

Answer 16

A model that describes the cell membrane as a flexible structure with a phospholipid bilayer, where hydrophilic heads face outward and hydrophobic tails face inward.

Question 17

What is the function of carrier proteins

Answer 17

Bind to specific molecules and change shape to transport them across the cell membrane, can be passive or active.

Question 18

What is the function of channel proteins

Answer 18

Create tunnels in the cell membrane to allow molecules or ions to pass through passively.

Question 19

What is transport in cells

Answer 19

The movement of substances into and out of the cell to maintain homeostasis

Question 20

What is passive transport

Answer 20

The movement of molecules from high to low concentration without using energy (ATP)

Question 21

What is simple diffusion (pt)

Answer 21

The movement of small, non-polar molecules (e.g., oxygen, CO₂) directly through the membrane. Is a passive process. It is when small molecules move from high levels to low levels of concerntration.

Question 22

What is facilitated diffusion (pt)

Answer 22

The movement of large or charged molecules through a channel or carrier protein. Can be passive or active.

Question 23

What is osmosis (pt)

Answer 23

The diffusion of water molecules from high to low water concentration across a semi-permeable membrane. Is a passive process.

Question 24

What is active transport

Answer 24

The movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy (ATP)

Question 25

What is the role of carrier proteins in active transport?

Answer 25

Transport substances against their concentration gradient (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).

Question 26

How does the mitochondria assist active transport

Answer 26

It provides ATP, the energy needed for active transport

Question 27

What is vesicular transport

Answer 27

The movement of large substances into or out of the cell using vesicles. The cells are lined with mitochondira to produce enough energy. This is an active process

Question 28

What is endocytosis?

Answer 28

The process of engulfing materials by wrapping the membrane around them.

Question 29

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 29

A type of endocytosis known as "cell eating" (e.g., white blood cells engulf bacteria).

Question 30

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 30

A type of endocytosis known as "cell drinking" (e.g., uptake of fluids).

Question 31

What is exocytosis?

Answer 31

The process of expelling materials using vesicles (e.g., secretion of hormones, neurotransmitters).

Question 32

Why do small cells have an advantage?

Answer 32

They have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing efficient exchange of materials.

Question 33

What happens if a cell gets too big?

Answer 33

Its volume increases faster than its surface area, making it harder to supply nutrients and remove waste efficiently.

Question 34

How can a large cell adapt?

Answer 34

It can either divide (mitosis) or flatten to increase its surface area.

Question 35

Why must large organisms be multicellular?

Answer 35

A single cell cannot support a large, complex organism, so multiple cells can specialize in different functions for efficiency.

Question 36

What are the levels of body organisation

Answer 36

Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism

Question 37

Organ System

Answer 37

A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task/function.

Question 38

Cell

Answer 38

The smallest living thing that can perform life's functions

Question 39

Tissue

Answer 39

A group of cells that have similar structure and functions.

Question 40

Organ

Answer 40

Organs are a body structure that make up two or more types of tissues

Question 41

Organism

Answer 41

Built up from many organ systems. The functions of the organism are results of all the cells inside.

Question 42

Types of tissues

Answer 42

Epithelial, Muscular, connective, nervous

Question 43

Epithelial tissue

Answer 43

Is a lining tissue. e.g outerlayer of skin. The cells that make up epithelial tissue are very close together so they can form a very smooth service. They very in shape.

Question 44

Muscular tissue

Answer 44

Are made up of thin long cells that contract to become shorter (sarcomeres). 3 types skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Question 45

Nervous tissue

Answer 45

Is made up of specialised nerve cells called neurons. This is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

Question 46

Connective tissue

Answer 46

Provides support for the body and helps to hold body parts together.

Question 47

Structure of cell membrane.

Answer 47

Is called the fluid mosaic mode. Its main structure is a phospholipid bilayer. this consists of phospholipids which are arranged in two layers. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Embedded in the bilayer are chelestrol molecules (wedged in the bilayer to help support it) and proteins (carrier and channel).

Question 48

Functions of the cell membrane

Answer 48

To divide the internal environment of a cell from the external environment. Regulates the passage of materials (what goes in and out), helps to support the cell along with the cytoskeleton.

Question 49

Bilayer structure

Answer 49

Hydrophilic heads (water loving) on the outside and hydrophobic tails (water hating) on the inside.

Question 50

Extracellular fluid

Answer 50

Fluid outside the cell

Question 51

Intracellular fluid

Answer 51

Fluid inside the cell

Question 52

Intercellular fluid

Answer 52

Fluid between cells

Question 53

Intravascular fluid

Answer 53

Fluid within the blood vessels.

Question 54

How does chemical nature of materials affect how they enter the cell membrane.

Answer 54

Small and non charged molecules can get through a lot faster than than large or charged molecules.

Question 55

Surface area to volume ratio

Answer 55

The higher the surface area to volume ratio the quicker diffusion occurs. If the cell grows the volume increases at a greater rate than the surface area causing slower rates of diffusion. Hence, why most cells are smaller to allow for a high rate of diffusion to occur.