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Biology 1 > Cells + Body stuff > Flashcards

Cells + Body stuff Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Are benign and malignant tumours slow or fast growing?

A

-benign are slow growing
-malignant are fast growing

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2
Q

Describe the role of enzymes in the human body

A

They increase the rate at which molecules are broken down or synthesised in our body

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3
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A compound in red blood cells which oxygen binds to

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4
Q

What is the term for your body needing extra oxygen after exercise, caused by anaerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen debt

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5
Q

What is a pacemaker?
-where is the pacemaker located?

A

A group of cells which control the resting heart rate
-heart, right atrium

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6
Q

What substance breaks down lactic acid?

A

Oxygen

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7
Q

Where is DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

A

DNA is loose in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

Which structure in a sperm cell contains enzymes?
-what do these enzymes do?

A

Acrosome
-break the egg’s protective coat allowing sperm to burrow in

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10
Q

What are metabolic reactions?

A

Chemical reactions which do not include physical processes (physical processes such as diffusion)

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11
Q

Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood?

A

Left

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12
Q

Which organ (in the digestive system) absorbs water into the blood?

A

Large intestine

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13
Q

Which organ produces hydrochloric acid?

A

Stomach

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14
Q

Which organ digests fat?

A

Small intestine

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15
Q

What are the 7 life processes?
(Hint: MrsGren)

A

-movement
-respiration
-sensitivity
-growth
-reproduction
-excretion
-nutrition

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16
Q

What 2 features can show that a cell is eukaryotic?

A

-has a nucleus
-has mitochondria

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17
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of DNA which codes for protein

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18
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures in the nucleus that carry genes

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19
Q

What is each substance broken down into:
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins

A

-carbohydrates > glucose
-proteins > amino acids
-lipids > fatty acids and glycerol

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20
Q

What does lipase break down?
-where is it produced?
-where is its site of action?

A

Lipids
-pancreas, small intestine
-small intestine

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21
Q

What does carbohydrase (amylase) break down?
-where is it produced?
-where is its site of action?

A

Starch
-pancreas, salivary glands
-mouth, small intestine

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22
Q

What does protease break down?
-where is it produced?
-where is its site of action?

A

Protein
-pancreas, small intestine, stomach
-stomach, small intestine

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23
Q

Do statins unblock coronary arteries?

A

No; they remove fatty deposit

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24
Q

Name 3 chemical substances transported by plasma

A

-hormones
-vitamins
-water
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide

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25
In a cell, where does aerobic and anaerobic respiration occur?
-aerobic in mitochondria -anaerobic in cytoplasm
26
what hormone is produced by pregnant women?
HCG
27
What are diploid cells? -give an example
Cells with two copies of each chromosome -skin cell, muscle cell etc.
28
What are haploid cells? -give an example
Cells with one copy of each chromosome -sperm cell, egg cell
29
Name the three stages of the cell cycle
Growth, mitosis, cytokenesis
30
What is happens in stage 1 of the cell cycle?
Growth - cell grows, organelles and chromosomes double
31
What happens in stage 2 of the cell cycle?
Mitosis - chromosomes pulled to opposing sides of cell
32
What happens in stage 3 of the cell cycle?
Cytokinesis - cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, 2 genetically identical daughter cells form
33
Where are adult stem cells found?
Bone marrow
34
Where are embryonic stem cells found?
In an embryo
35
What 2 substances need to be transported *into* human cells?
Oxygen, glucose
36
What 2 substances need to be transported *out of* human cells?
Carbon dioxide, water
37
What is a benefit of red blood cells not having a nucleus?
More room to carry oxygen
38
39
40
Describe the function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach
Contract, push food down further
41
What do platelets do? -what is their shape?
Join together to form scabs/clots -spiky shape
42
What does the vena cava do?
Brings deoxygenated blood into the heart
43
Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?
Right
44
What do coronary arteries do?
Supply oxygen to heart muscle
45
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
46
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
47
Into which compartment does blood flow when the atrium contracts?
Blood flows into ventricle through valve
48
Where do capillaries carry blood to?
Organs and tissues
49
How thick are capillaries?
One cell thick
50
What 3 consecutive structures does blood travel through after passing the vena cava?
Vena cava -> Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary artery
51
What 3 consecutive structures does blood travel through after passing through the pulmonary vein?
Pulmonary vein -> Left atrium -> Left ventricle -> Aorta
52
Where does the aorta do?
Pump oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
53
Describe the structure of an artery
Narrow lumen Thick muscle fibres
54
Describe the structure of a vein
Wide lumen Thin, flexy wall
55
How are capillaries adapted to their function?
Short diffusion pathway in / out of capillary
56
How are arteries adapted to their function?
Muscles contract and relax to sustain pressure Has thick, elastic walls
57
How are veins adapted to their function?
Have one way valves
58
What can arteries divide into?
Capillaries
59
What do artificial pacemakers treat?
Arrythmia
60
Which structure transports food from our mouth to stomach?
Oesophagus
61
Which organ produces bile?
Liver
62
How does hydrochloric acid help digestion?
Allows enzymes to work
63
Name the 4 main components of blood
-plasma -red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets
64
What is the function of the ribcage?
Protects our heart and lungs
65
Starting from the nose, what pathway does air take to reach the alveoli?
Nose -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
66
How do we breathe in?
Ribs out, diaphragm contracts
67
How do we breathe out?
Ribs in, diaphragm relaxes
68
What is ventilation?
The mechanical action of getting air in and out of lungs
69
What is respiration?
The chemical reaction that uses oxygen from our blood to provide energy for the organism to survive
70
Name 3 adaptations of alveoli
-large surface area -good blood supply -thin walls
71
Why do thin walls benefit alveoli?
Reduce distance that gases have to travel so rate of diffusion increases
72
Why does a good blood supply benefit alveoli?
Ensure concentration gradient is maintained
73
Why does a large surface area benefit alveoli?
Increases rate of diffusion
74
Is energy a product of respiration?
No
75
Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?
Endothermic
76
How can a larger surface area in the lungs benefit an athlete?
More gaseous exchange can take place
77
Where in the lungs does oxygen enter the blood?
Alveoli
78
Name 5 ways in which animals use energy released from respiration
-muscle contraction -mitosis -active transport -synthesising substances -maintaining body temp.
79
Name 4 factors which affect metabolic rate
-age / growth rate -body mass -gender -genetics
80
Which organ breaks down lactic acid?
Liver
81
What does the liver store glucose as?
Glycogen
82
Why do muscle cells have lots of mitochondria?
To release energy and contract muscles
83
What causes muscle cramps?
Build up of lactic acid
84
When is there a lack of glycogen in muscles?
During anaerobic respiration
85
Explain the body’s response to exercise
Heart and breathing rate increase because of greater energy demand, as **more** energy needs to be transferred for muscle contraction so rate of respiration increases to deliver **more** oxygen and glucose to cells
86
What does the gallbladder do?
Stores bile

Biology 1 (8 decks)

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