Cells, Cellular Components, Transport Systems, Fluid Movement Between Compartments

Question 1

What is active transport?

Answer 1

The energy-requiring process by which substances are moved up their concentration gradient (i.e. from an area with lower concentration to one with a higher concentration).

Question 2

What is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?

Answer 2

The product produced when adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is metabolised with the breaking of its high energy phosphate bond to release energy.

Question 3

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Answer 3

High-energy compound which provides energy for the cell when its high energy bonds with phosphate groups are broken.

Question 4

What are compartments in the body?

Answer 4

Spaces within the body that are separated by living membranes.

Question 5

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 5

The fluid and contents of a cell.

Question 6

What is diffusion?

Answer 6

The movement of substances down their concentration gradients from a higher to a lower concentration.

Question 7

What are electrolytes?

Answer 7

Substances that dissociate in water to form ions.

Question 8

What is endocytosis?

Answer 8

Bulk movement into a cell.

Question 9

What does extracellular mean?

Answer 9

Outside cells.

Question 10

What is exocytosis?

Answer 10

Bulk movement out of a cell.

Question 11

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 11

Diffusion with the aid of a transport protein.

Question 12

What does hydrophilic mean?

Answer 12

Water-loving, soluble in water.

Question 13

What does hydrophobic mean?

Answer 13

Water-hating, insoluble in water and soluble in lipids.

Question 14

What is hypertonic?

Answer 14

A solute concentration higher than that of intracellular fluid. Cells placed in a hypertonic solution would shrink, as water would flow out into the hypertonic solution by osmosis.

Question 15

What is hypotonic?

Answer 15

Solute concentration lower than that of intracellular fluid. Cells placed in a hypotonic solution would swell, as water would flow from the hypotonic solution into the cells by osmosis.

Question 16

What does ‘Interstitial’ refer to?

Answer 16

Between cells.

Question 17

What does ‘Intracellular’ mean?

Answer 17

Inside the cell.

Question 18

What are organelles?

Answer 18

‘Mini organs’ that perform the vital functions of the cell.

Question 19

What is osmosis?

Answer 19

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane to even out the solute concentration on either side of the membrane.

Question 20

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 20

The pressure that must be exerted on a solution into which water is flowing by osmosis in order to completely oppose that osmotic movement.

Question 21

What is passive transport?

Answer 21

The process by which substances move down a concentration gradient without requiring energy.

Question 22

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 22

Outer layer of the cell.

Question 23

What is a transport protein?

Answer 23

Large protein molecules that move specific substances across a cell membrane.

Question 24

A solution containing a higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol of a cell is:

Answer 24

hypertonic

Example: In a hypertonic solution, cells may lose water and shrink.

Question 25

Which structure controls the movement of materials into and out of cells?

Answer 25

the plasma membrane ## Footnote The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass while blocking others.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of diffusion?

Answer 26

(b) diffusion is faster when the concentration gradient is greater

Question 27

Which organelles act as the cell's 'post office'?

Answer 27

(a) Golgi complex

Question 28

Cells from a gland were found to contain a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. What are these cells most likely to be making?

Answer 28

(d) steroid hormones

Question 29

Which of the following transport systems requires energy?

Answer 29

(c) sodium / potassium pump

Question 30

The main structural component of a cell membrane is:

Answer 30

(a) phospholipids

Question 31

Which organelles are sometimes referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?

Answer 31

(b) mitochondria

Question 32

A drop of food colouring that spreads out in water is an example of:

Answer 32

(c) diffusion

Question 33

If a molecule is hydrophobic, it means that:

Answer 33

(c) it will not mix with water

Question 34

How do cells get glucose from the extracellular fluid?

Answer 34

(a) by diffusion

Question 35

Which of the following electrolytes is the most abundant extracellular cation? (a) calcium (b) potassium (c) chloride (d) sodium

Answer 35

(d) sodium

Question 36

Which of the following is the most abundant intracellular anion?

Answer 36

(b) organic phosphate

Question 37

What causes oedema in a patient with blockage of small veins?

Answer 37

(c) reduced flow of fluid back into capillaries at the venous end

Question 38

What effect would giving a patient with normal fluid and electrolyte balance an intravenous infusion of very hypotonic saline have?

Answer 38

(c) the blood cells would swell and burst

Question 39

True or False: A molecule will move from where it is at a lower concentration to where it is at greater concentration.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

True or False: Facilitated diffusion does not require energy.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

True or False: The interstitial compartment is part of the extracellular compartment.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

True or False: The cell membrane contains cholesterol.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

True or False: Potassium is the principal extracellular ion.

Answer 43

False

Question 44

True or False: Chloride ions are negatively charged.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

True or False: Hyponatraemia means high sodium levels.

Answer 45

False

Question 46

True or False: 0.9% normal saline is a hypertonic solution.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

True or False: ADH reduces the loss of water in the urine.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

What are organelles and their functions?

Answer 48

Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct processes.

Question 49

What are the factors affecting diffusion?

Answer 49

Factors include concentration gradient, temperature, surface area, and permeability.

Question 50

Discuss the effects of low potassium level on the cardiovascular system.

Answer 50

Low potassium can lead to arrhythmias and muscle weakness.

Question 51

What do you understand by the term 'third fluid space'?

Answer 51

The third fluid space refers to fluid that accumulates in areas not normally considered part of the extracellular fluid.

Question 52

What happens to fluid in the fluid compartments when a person is dehydrated?

Answer 52

Fluid shifts from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular compartment.

Question 53

What happens to fluid in the fluid compartments when a person is overhydrated?

Answer 53

Fluid moves into the intracellular compartment, potentially causing cellular swelling.

Question 54

What do you understand by the term secondary active transport?

Answer 54

Secondary active transport uses the energy from the movement of one substance down its gradient to move another substance against its gradient.

Question 55

Do mitochondria contain DNA?

Answer 55

Yes, mitochondria contain their own DNA.

Question 56

In an active transport system, from where do the cells get their energy?

Answer 56

Cells get their energy from ATP.

Question 57

What is the chemical symbol for Potassium?

Answer 57

K

Question 58

What is the chemical symbol for Sodium?

Answer 58

Na

Question 59

What is the chemical symbol for Bicarbonate?

Answer 59

HCO3

Question 60

What is the chemical symbol for Chloride?

Answer 60

Cl

Question 61

What is the chemical symbol for Organic phosphate?

Answer 61

PO4

Question 62

What is the chemical symbol for Sulphate?

Answer 62

SO4

Question 63

What is the chemical symbol for Calcium?

Answer 63

Ca