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Fundamentals Of Anatomy And Physiology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Adenine (A)?

A

One of the four bases of DNA and RNA.

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2
Q

What is an Allele?

A

One of the possible DNA sequences that a particular gene can have.

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3
Q

What is an Amino acid?

A

The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 that are used for the synthesis of proteins as directed by the sequence of nucleotides.

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4
Q

What is an Anticodon?

A

A group of three bases on RNA that puts the right amino acid in the protein as identified by the DNA and mRNA sequence.

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5
Q

What is an Autosome?

A

Chromosomes that are not one of the two sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes.

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6
Q

What is an Autosomal dominant disorder?

A

A medical disorder caused by a faulty version (allele) of a dominant gene that is inherited from one of the parents.

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7
Q

What is an Autosomal recessive disorder?

A

A medical disorder caused when two faulty alleles for a gene are inherited, one from each parent.

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8
Q

What is a Base?

A

Component of nucleotides that form the code that specifies the cell’s proteins. There are four bases used in DNA: A, C, T, G; and four in RNA: A, C, U, G.

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9
Q

What is the Cell cycle?

A

The process by which a cell prepares for, and undertakes, cell growth and division.

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10
Q

What is a Chromatid?

A

One of the DNA double helix strands of a replicated chromosome.

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11
Q

What is a Centromere?

A

The point at which two chromatids are attached in a chromosome.

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12
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A

Mixture of DNA and protein (chromatin) - contains our genetic make-up.

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13
Q

What is a Codon?

A

A triplet of bases on mRNA that encodes for a particular amino acid.

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14
Q

What is Cytosine (C)?

A

One of the bases of DNA or RNA.

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15
Q

What is Deoxyribose?

A

A major part of DNA, derived from a sugar known as ribose but has lost an atom of oxygen.

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16
Q

What is a Diploid cell?

A

Cell that contains two of each chromosomes.

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17
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, found in the cell nucleus and is the molecule that houses the information in our genes.

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18
Q

What is a Dominant allele?

A

Allele of a gene that can exert its effects on the body on its own.

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19
Q

What is a Double helix?

A

Two strands of DNA joined together in a spiral formation.

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20
Q

What is the Equator of the cell?

A

The centre of the cell during cell division.

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21
Q

What is a Gamete?

A

A reproductive cell; spermatozoon (spermatozoa, sperm) or ovum (ova, egg).

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22
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A portion of DNA that codes for a protein. A unit of heredity in a living organism.

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23
Q

What is Gene crossover (Recombination)?

A

The process at the commencement of meiosis whereby genetic material may be transferred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

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24
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

The two particular alleles that an individual has for a gene.

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25
What is Guanine (G)?
One of the four bases of DNA or RNA.
26
What is a Haploid cell?
A cell that contains just one of each chromosome.
27
What is Heredity?
The passing down of genes from generation to generation.
28
What does Heterologous mean?
'Different'.
29
What does Heterozygous mean?
A pair of dissimilar alleles for a particular gene locus.
30
What are Histone Proteins?
Found in cell nuclei, package and order the DNA into nucleosomes.
31
What does Homologous mean?
'Same'.
32
What does Homozygous mean?
A pair of identical alleles for a particular gene locus.
33
What is Interphase?
The longest stage of the cell cycle, during which the cell is growing and preparing to divide.
34
What is a locus?
A gene's position on a chromosome.
35
What is meiosis?
Process of cell division that allows for the production of haploid gametes from diploid cells, ensuring the correct number of chromosomes are passed to the offspring.
36
What is Mendelian genetics?
The concepts of inheritance associated with characteristics (phenotypes) that are governed by a single gene.
37
What is Mendel's law of segregation?
Only one allele from each parent can be inherited by their child.
38
What is Mendel's law of independent assortment?
Members of different pairs of alleles are randomly sorted into the gametes.
39
What is mitosis?
The process of cell division undertaken by somatic cells that ensures each cell obtained has an exact copy of the chromosomes of the original cell.
40
What is mRNA?
Messenger ribonucleic acid that provides a means to get the information held in DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to synthesize proteins.
41
What are nucleic acids?
A mixture of phosphoric acid, sugars, and organic bases that direct the course of protein synthesis, regulating all cell activities.
42
What is a nucleosome?
A unit of packaged DNA in a cell's nucleus, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a histone.
43
What is a nucleotide?
The building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of sugar, phosphate, and one of the four bases.
44
What are ova?
Female reproductive cells that are haploid.
45
What is a phenotype?
The expressed features of a person, derived from the interaction of the genotype with the environment.
46
What are poles in cell division?
Opposite ends of a cell during some stages of cell division.
47
What is a recessive allele?
Requires another recessive allele at the same locus before it can have an effect on the body.
48
What are ribosomes?
Small structures made from protein and ribosomal RNA involved in making proteins.
49
What is RNA?
Ribonucleic acid transcribed from DNA, essential for protein synthesis.
50
What are spermatozoa?
Male reproductive cells that are haploid.
51
What is a spontaneous mutation disorder?
A medical disorder caused by a new fault that has developed on a gene sequence.
52
What is a strand in DNA?
The long parts of the double helix, consisting of deoxyribose and phosphate.
53
What is a termination codon?
A triplet of bases that stops the joining of amino acids once the specified protein has been produced.
54
What is thymine?
One of the bases of DNA (not used in RNA).
55
What is transcription?
The generation of RNA from DNA such that they hold the same information.
56
What is translation?
The process by which information in the bases of mRNA is used to specify the amino acid sequence of a protein.
57
What is a triplet in DNA?
A sequence of three DNA bases that code for an amino acid.
58
What is tRNA?
Transfer ribonucleic acid; important in the production of proteins as it decodes the message found in mRNA.
59
What is uracil?
One of the four bases of RNA (not used in DNA).
60
What is an X-linked recessive disease?
A medical disorder caused by a fault in a gene of the X chromosome, inherited in a recessive pattern.
61
With regard to DNA bases, adenine in DNA pairs with:
(d) thymine
62
The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by:
(b) hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
63
Normally, humans have:
(b) 46 chromosomes
64
The position that a gene occupies on a chromosome is known as:
(b) the locus
65
The reason that changes to the DNA sequence can cause genetic disease is that:
(b) proteins are translated from the mRNA which was transcribed from the DNA
66
If DNA has a base sequence of ATAGCGAC, then the corresponding sequence of mRNA will be:
(a) UAUCGCUG
67
The difference between meiosis and mitosis is:
(a) that meiosis produces four diploid cells from one parent whereas mitosis only produces two
68
Which important events happen during interphase of the cell cycle?
(a) the cell obtains and processes nutrients required for making new organelles (b) the cell replicates (duplicates) its chromosomes (c) the cell becomes larger (d) all of the above ## Footnote
69
What is gene crossover (recombination)?
(a) is a major cause of genetic disease (b) allows for increased variation in the alleles of a couple's children (c) causes children of homozygous parents to be heterozygous (d) allows recessive alleles to dominate over dominant alleles ## Footnote
70
What does Mendel's law of segregation state?
(a) alleles are different sequences of genetic material occupying the same locus (b) humans have 46 chromosomes (c) only one allele from each parent can be inherited by a child (d) different pairs of alleles sort independently of each other ## Footnote
71
If both parents are carriers of a faulty allele for cystic fibrosis, what is the chance that their child has cystic fibrosis?
(a) 75% (b) 50% (c) 25% (d) 0% ## Footnote
72
What is the risk of a son having haemophilia if his father has haemophilia and his mother is homozygous for the normal allele?
(a) 50% (b) 25% (c) 100% (d) 0% ## Footnote
73
What advice should Laura receive regarding her daughters and Huntington's disease?
(a) the condition is related to a gene defect on the X chromosome and therefore it would only affect boys (b) each child will need to decide for themselves whether they will be tested to see if they also have the dominant allele and will therefore develop this disorder (c) there is a 50% chance of her passing on the disorder and therefore at least one of her children will develop Huntington's disease (d) as the disease is dominant all her children will develop the disorder ## Footnote
74
What would a prenatal screening test show if the baby has Down syndrome?
(a) 46 chromosomes with three of them being chromosome 21 (b) 47 chromosomes with three of them being chromosome 21 (c) 45 chromosomes with only one chromosome 21 (d) 45 chromosomes with 22 normal autosome pairs but only one sex chromosome ## Footnote
75
What should the father of a baby with red hair be advised?
(a) that it is very common for spontaneous mutations to occur in the locus for hair colour resulting in red hair (b) red hair only occurs when an individual has two alleles for red hair and as such it is very common for it to be carried through a family and not seen for many generations (c) he should consider a paternity test as having red hair is the result of a dominant allele (d) having red hair is the result of environmental insults during pregnancy such as having an infection ## Footnote
76
True or False: Males have 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes, an X and a Y?
True
77
True or False: A person with a heterozygous genotype have a phenotype associated with the recessive allele?
False
78
True or False: Homologous chromosomes can exchange information between chromatids during meiosis?
True
79
The two strands of the double helix held together by covalent bonds between complementary bases?
False ## Footnote They are held together by hydrogen bonds.
80
True or False: Having a blood group of AB is an example of non-Mendelian genetics?
True

Fundamentals Of Anatomy And Physiology (8 decks)

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