Cells, DNA, Ecosystems, Relationships Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What did Hooke discover?
A
Called empty spaces “cells.
2
Q
What did Leeuwenhoek discover?
A
Found 1 celled organisms
3
Q
What did Schleiden discover?
A
all plants are made of cells
4
Q
What did Schwann discover
A
all animals are made of cells
5
Q
What did Virchow discover
A
Cell are formed from other living cells
6
Q
What was the name of the scientist who called empty spaces “cells?”
A
Hooke
7
Q
What was the name of the scientist who discovered 1 celled organisms?
A
Leeuwenhoek
8
Q
What was the name of the scientist who discovered all plants are made of cells
A
Schleiden
9
Q
What was the name of the scientist who discovered all animals are made of cells
A
Schwann
10
Q
What was the name of the scientist who discovered cells are formed from other living cells
A
Virchow
11
Q
Cell Theory main points are:
- All living things are composed of ____
- Cells are the _____ structure of living things that can perform the processes necessary for life
- Living cells can only come from _____ living cells
A
- cells
- smallest
- others
12
Q
The 6 elements of cell theory state
- All living organisms are made of _____
- Cells are the basic building block of ____
- Cells arise from _____ cells
- ______ information is passed from cells
- All cells have the basic chemical _____
- _____ flow occurs within cells
A
- cells
- life
- pre-existing
- Hereditary
- composition
- Energy
13
Q
What are the 2 types of cell organelles?
A
- animal cell
- plant cell
14
Q
What are the 6 structures the 2 types of cell organelles have in common?
A
- nucleus
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- mitochondria
- endoplasmic reticulum
- vacuole
15
Q
What are the 2 structures the 2 types of cell organelles do not have in common?
A
- cell wall
- chloroplasts
16
Q
Which cell organelle contains cell walls and chloroplasts
A
- plant cells
17
Q
A nucleus contains the cell’s ____ and serves as the ____ for the cell
A
- DNA
- brain
18
Q
A cell membrane controls the ____ that come ___ and __ of the cell
A
- materials
- in
- out
19
Q
Cytoplasm is a constantly moving ____-like substance that surrounds the ____.
A
- jelly
- organelles
20
Q
Mitochondria supplies, stores and produces ____ for the cell
A
energy
21
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum allows materials to travel ____ the cell
A
throughout
22
Q
Vacuole serves as a _____ _____ for water and other materials. Plants have ___ large one while animals have _____ small ones
A
- storage container
- 1
- multiple
23
Q
____ contains the cell’s DNA and serves as the brain for the cell
A
Nucleus
24
Q
____ controls the materials coming in and out of the cell
A
Cell membrane
25
_____ is a constantly moving jelly-like substance that surrounds the organelles
Cytoplasm
26
_____ supplies, stores and produces energy for the cell
Mitochondria
27
_____ _____ allows materials to travel throughout the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
28
_____ serves as a storage container for water and other materials
Vacuole
29
A plant cell has one large ____
vacuole
30
An animal cell has multiple small _____
vacuoles
31
The cell wall provides _____ and ____ to the plant cell
- strength
- structure
32
Chloroplasts contain _____ and are where ____ occurs
- chlorophyll
- photosynthesis
33
The ____ ____ provides strength and structure to the plant cell
Cell Wall
34
____ contain chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplasts
35
What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle
- Stage 1: Interphase
- Stage 2: Mitosis
- Stage 3: Cytokinesis
36
What happens in the Interphase phase of the cell cycle?
Cell grows and copies DNA
37
What happens in the Mitosis phase of the cell cycle?
Cell divides itself
38
What happens in the Cytokinesis phase of the cell cycle?
2 new cells are formed
39
What are the 4 stages of mitosis
1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase
40
What happens in the Prophase stage of mitosis?
- cell membrane disappears
- chromosomes are visible
- nucleolus disappears
41
What happens in the Metaphase stage of mitosis?
- Chromosome pairs line up in the middle (Center) of the cell
- spindle fibers attached to center of each chromosome
42
What happens in the Anaphase stage of mitosis?
- Chromosome pairs in the cell pull apart/split
- each half is pulled to opposite side of cell
43
What happens in the Telophase stage of mitosis?
- chromosomes cluster in the center of each new cell
- 2 new cells being to form
- nuclear membrane begins to form/cell pinches in the middle
- cells begin to separate
44
What phases of mitosis has the following things happen?
- cell membrane disappears
- chromosomes are visible
- nucleolus disappears
Prophase
45
What phases of mitosis has the following things happen?
- Chromosome pairs line up in the middle (Center) of the cell
- spindle fibers attached to center of each chromosome
Metaphase
46
What phases of mitosis has the following things happen?
- Chromosome pairs in the cell pull apart/split
- each half is pulled to opposite side of cell
Anaphase
47
What phases of mitosis has the following things happen?
- chromosomes cluster in the center of each new cell
- 2 new cells being to form
- nuclear membrane begins to form/cell pinches in the middle
- cells begin to separate
Telophase
48
What phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and copy its DNA?
Interphase
49
What phase of the cell cycle does the cell divides itself?
Mitosis
50
What phase of the cell cycle are 2 new cells are formed ?
Cytokinesis
51
What scientist is called the Father of modern genetics?
Mendel
52
What scientist first took pictures of the double helix DNA?
Franklin
53
What scientist created the first 3D model of DNA?
Watson & Crick
54
Mendel was known as?
Father of modern genetics
55
Franklin is known for doing what?
taking the first picture of the double helix DNA
56
Watson & Crick are known for doing what?
creating the first 3D model of DNA
57
Examples of Inherited Genes include
- Coded in your ____
- Received from biological ____
- Passed to ____
- hair ____, eye ____, animal ____, etc.
- Sometimes called ____
- DNA
- parents
- offspring
- color, color, migrations
- instinct
58
Examples of Non Inherited Traits include
- Not coded in your ____
- Things that ___ to you or things you ____
- ____ passed to offspring
- broken ____, learning to ride a ____, scars, etc.
- DNA
- happen, learn
- Not
- bones, bike
59
____ are segments of a chromosome that code for traits
Genes
60
omosomes are in the ____
nucleus
61
Double helix shape (side made of ___ & ____) with rungs made of ____ bases
- sugar
- phosphate
- nitrogen
62
A pairs with ___
T
63
C pairs with ___
G
64
___ pairs with T
A
65
___ pairs with G
C
66
A pairs with T
- A stands for ____
- T stands for ____
Adenosine
Thymine
67
C pairs with G
- C stands for ____
- G stands for ____
- Cytosine
- Guanine
68
____ is an organism's genetic information
Genotype
69
____ is the set of observable physical traits
Phenotype
70
Genotype is an organism's _____ information
Genetic
71
Phenotype is the set of _____ physical traits
observable
72
Define alle
1 of 2 forms of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome
73
1 of 2 forms of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome
Alle
74
Define Genotype
set of alles an individual has for a gene
75
The set of alles an individual has for a gene
Genotype
76
Define Phenotype
physical trait an individual has for a gene
77
The physical trait an individual has for a gene
Phenotype
78
Define biosphere
all the organisms on Earth where they exist
79
What is the word for "all the organisms on Earth where they exist"
biosphere
80
Define biome
distinct ecological communities of plants and animals living together in a particular climate
81
What is the word for "distinct ecological communities of plants and animals living together in a particular climate"
Biome
82
Define ecosystem
a community of living organisms and their interrelated environment, including biotic and abiotic factors
83
What is the word for "a community of living organisms and their interrelated environment, including biotic and abiotic factors"
Ecosystem
84
Define community
a collection of all the different populations that live in one area
85
What is the word for "a collection of all the different populations that live in one area"
Community
86
Define population
all the individuals of a species that live in the same area
87
What is the word for "all the individuals of a species that live in the same area"
population
88
Define organism
an individual member of a population who fulfills it niche (role played in the ecosystem)
89
What is the word for "an individual member of a population who fulfills it niche (role played in the ecosystem)"
Organism
90
Symbiotic relationships exist between 2 or more organisms of ____ species the live closely together
different
91
What is an example of mutualism
Bees and flowers
92
What is an example of commensalism
Sharks and remora fish
93
Parasitism
Humans and mosquitoes
94
Define the word Phototrophism
Movement of plants towards sunlight
95
Phototrophism is the movement of plants towards ____
sunlight
96
Protection is a common adaptation - define it and give examples
body parts that protect a species
- shells
- spikes
97
Chemical defense is a common adaptation - define it and give examples
fluids or gases that burn or smell
- skunk
98
Camouflage is a common adaptation - define it and give examples
blend into environment
- caterpillar on a leaf
99
Warning coloring is a common adaptation - define it and give examples
alerts predators that they are poisonous to eat
- monarch butterfly
100
Warning coloration alerts predators that the animal/plant is ____ to eat
poisonous
101
Charles Darwin proposed that species gradually change over time as they become better ____ to new conditions through natural selection
adapted
102
Define natural selection
organisms better adapted to their environment will surive to reproduce
103
What is the term for "organisms better adapted to their environment will surive to reproduce"
Natural Selection
104
Define autotrophs (producers)
produce their own food from sunlight
105
Autotrophs produce their own food from ____
sunlight
106
Another word for producer
autotroph
107
Define heterotrophs (consumers)
Get energy from other organisms
- carnivore: meat only
- herbivore: plant only
- omnivore: meat & plants
- scavengers: dead animals
108
Another word for consumer
heterotroph
109
Define decomposers
get energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or waste & Consuming or absorbing nutrients
110
What is the word for "get energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or waste & Consuming or absorbing nutrients"
decomposers
111
What does this acronym stand for: KPCOFGS
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
112
Name the 3 domains
- Archae
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
113
What are the characteristics of Archae
- unicellular - one cell
- prokaryotic - no nucleus in cell
- thrive in harsh enivronment
114
What are the characteristics of Bacteria
- unicellular - once cell
- prokaryotic - no nucleus in cell
- can thrive in everyday environments
115
What are the characteristics of Eukarya
- Most multicellular - more than 1 cell
- eukaryotic - cells have nucleus
- most varied domains
116
What are the 4 kingdoms of eukarya
- plantae
- animalia
- fungi
- protista
117
What are the 3 characteristics of plantae
- multicellular
- autotrophic
- cells walls & chloroplasts
118
What are the 2 characteristics of animalia
- multicellular
- heterotrophic
119
What are the 2 characteristics of fungi
- multicellular
- decomposers
120
What are the 2 characteristics
of protista
- unicellular with a nucleus
- contain flagella (hair or tail like structures that help them move through the watery environments in which they live)
121
What are the 2 common plant phyla
- nonvasular
- vascular
122
A nonvascular plants ____ retain water or deliver it to ther parts of the plant
cannot
123
Vascular plants ____ save water and deliver it throughout the entire plant through their roots, stem and leavse
CAN
124
What type of plant phyla cannot retain water
nonvascular
125
What type of plant phyla can retain water
vascular
126
What is the 1 type of nonvascular plant
moss
127
What are the 3 types of vascular plants
- ferns
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
128
What are the 2 characteristics of mosses
- low growing plants that reproduce using spores
- spores reproduce asexually and require very little energy
129
What is the 1 characteristic of ferns
reproduce through spores
130
What is the 1 characteristic of gymnosperms
grow seeds inside protective coatings, such as pine cones
131
What is the 1 characteristic of angiosperms
produce seeds that are enclosed in fruit, which develops after flowers are pollinated
132
What are the 6 types of common animal phyla
- cnidarians
- mollusks
- annelids
- arthropods
- echinoderms
- chordates
133
What are the characteristics of cnidarians
- jelly-like animals that have a bell or umbrellas
- invertebrates
134
What are the characteristics of mollusks
- soft-bodied animals that usually have a shell
- invertebrates
135
What are the characteristics of annelids
-long animals divided into segments
- invertebrates
136
What are the characteristics of arthropods
- animals with 3 body parts, jointed legs and an exoskeleton
- invertebrates
137
What are the characteristics of echinoderms
- marine animals that have plates with a spiny internal skeleton
- invertebrates
138
What are the characteristics of chordates
- animals with a notochord (backbone) that supports the body
- vertebrates
139
What are the 5 invertebrates
- cnidarians
- mollusks
- annelids
- arthropods
- echinoderms
140
What is the 1 vertebrate
chordates
141
Cells are organized into ____
tissues
142
Tissues are organized into ____
organs
143
Organs are organized into ____
organ systems
144
Organ systems are organized into ____
organism
