Cells (E1)

Question 1

Infectious disease

Answer 1

Caused by pathogen

Question 2

idiopathic

Answer 2

don’t know cause

Question 3

iatrogenic

Answer 3

disease happened from treatment of something else

Question 4

diagnosis

Answer 4

current, what is present

Question 5

prognosis

Answer 5

futrue, what will happen, disease progression

Question 6

sequale

Answer 6

left over from disease, like a scar or something to live with after diseases has run course

Question 7

sign

Answer 7

something you can see/test/prove (objective)

Question 8

symptom

Answer 8

patient feels/tells you about (subjective)

Question 9

epithelial tissue

Answer 9

packed, close together

Question 10

connective tissue

Answer 10

looser cell packaging

Question 11

adapted cells

Answer 11

healthy cells with changed behavior, like cells in inflamed tissue suspending themselves until inflammation goes away

Question 12

atrophy

Answer 12

decrease in cell size

Question 13

physiologic atrophy

Answer 13

normal and not from a disease, like with fat loss

Question 14

pathologic atrophy

Answer 14

from a diseased

Question 15

disuse atrophy

Answer 15

cause my disuse of especially muscle cells

Question 16

hypertrophy

Answer 16

cells increase in size

Question 17

hyperplasia

Answer 17

increase in cell number

Question 18

compensatory hyperplasia

Answer 18

cell number increase based on increased work load, like with the loss of a kidney

Question 19

hormonal hyperplasia

Answer 19

increase based on hormones

Question 20

metaplasia

Answer 20

cellular replacement. If done by a less mature cell, is reversible

Question 21

dsyplasia

Answer 21

abnormal changes in cells

Question 22

atypical hyperplasia

Answer 22

like with neoplasia in tumor/ cancer cells

Question 23

what can cause cellular adaptation

Answer 23

changes in workload, blood supply, nutrition, hormones, nervous system stimulation

Question 24

features of injured cells

Answer 24

severe drop in ATP production, extensive vacuolation (water flows into the cell enmasse) high ca 2+ infiltration, accumulation of oxygen free radicals

Question 25

hypoxia

Answer 25

insufficient oxygen to cells

Question 26

anoxia

Answer 26

cells completely starved of oxygen, typically from ischemia

Question 27

cause of hypoxia

Answer 27

asphyxia injury to tissues that can physically keep blood from flowing or gas from being inhaled

Question 28

reperfusion injury

Answer 28

tissues deprived of oxygen reflooded with oxygen, causes the rapid buildup of Reactive oxygen species. Can make cells necrotic

Question 29

free radical damage

Answer 29

atoms switch unpaired electrons, comes from reactive oxygen species like 02-, oh-, h202. Causes oxidative stress

Question 30

Chemical injury

Answer 30

from poisons like toxic chemical agents (xenobiotics) Ex. Lead CO, ethanol, drugs

Question 31

infectious or inflammatory injury

Answer 31

from pathogens that harm the host

Question 32

traumatic injury

Answer 32

could be blunt bruising or sharp that causes penetration and blood loss

Question 33

what can infiltrate cells during injury

Answer 33

water( vacuolation), lipids (fatty change) carbohydrates( glycogen accumulation) proteins (melanin, hemoproteins) Calcium, uric acid

Question 34

what can an infiltration of lipids into cells cause

Answer 34

saponification (soap like) non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 35

dystrophic calcification

Answer 35

tissue is already injured which causes and influx of calcium

Question 36

metastatic calcfication

Answer 36

abnormality with parathyroid gland, calcium metabolism causes calcification of uninjured tissue

Question 37

hyperuricemia

Answer 37

infiltration of uric acid into cells, which can lead to gout

Question 38

autolysis

Answer 38

whole cell lysis

Question 39

pyknosis

Answer 39

nucleus shrinks and chromosome clump up like going through mitosis

Question 40

karyolisis

Answer 40

nucleus fragments into pieces

Question 41

coagulative necrosis

Answer 41

proteins from cells coagulate

Question 42

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 42

cells liquefy, this is specifically for nervous tissue

Question 43

caseous necrosis

Answer 43

both coagulative and liquefactive

Question 44

fat necrosis

Answer 44

saponification, and congealment of fat

Question 45

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 45

large scale oxygen deprivation

Question 46

gas gangrene

Answer 46

causes by clostridium perfringes, a bacteria

Question 47

apoptosis

Answer 47

cellular suicide. Initiates self-destruct program. Nucleus and cytoplasm shrink which causes fragmentation of cells