Cells & Microscopy

Question 1

What do animal cells have, that plant cells don’t?

Answer 1

Centrioles

Question 2

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

Answer 2

Cell wall
Vacuole (permanent)
Chloroplast

Question 3

What does the RER do?

Answer 3

Folds and packages proteins to send to Golgi apparatus

Question 4

What does SER do?

Answer 4

Synthesises lipids, such as cholesterol

Question 5

What does Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 5

Modifies and transports proteins

Question 6

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 6

Site of protein synthesis

Question 7

What do mitochondria do?

Answer 7

Site of aerobic respiration, ATP produced here

Question 8

What do chloroplast do? And structure?

Answer 8

Site of photosynthesis
Membrane sacks within chloroplast called thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a Granum.

Question 9

What does cellulose cell wall do?

Answer 9

Provide strength and support to plant cell

Question 10

What does mitochondria’s inner membrane fold into?

Answer 10

Cristae

Question 11

What is a plasmid?

Answer 11

Ring of DNA

Question 12

What do flagella do?

Answer 12

Allow bacteria to move

Question 13

What are pili?

Answer 13

Projections which allow bacteria to adhere to host cells, or each other

Question 14

What is resolution?

Answer 14

Minimal distance between two objects where they can still be distinguished as two

Question 15

What type of cells do light and electron microscopes view?

Answer 15

Light- dead or living
Electron- dead

Question 16

What defines a transmission electron microscope?

Answer 16

Image produces is 2D, black and white
Beam of electrons passed through specimen

Question 17

What defines a scanning electron microscope?

Answer 17

Imagine is 3D, can be coloured
A beam of electrons is passed across a specimen, shows surface of specimen

Question 18

TEM resolution and magnification

Answer 18

0.2nm
x500,000

Question 19

SEM resolution and magnification?

Answer 19

0.2nm
x100,000

Question 20

Difference between wet and dry mount?

Answer 20

Dry- specimen placed directly on side
Wet- water or immersion oil placed on slide first, cover slip placed at an angle

Question 21

Why are specimens stained?

Answer 21

Provides contrast to distinguish between organelles in sample (e.g. Golgi apparatus)
To allow organelles to be identified

Question 22

What is differential staining?

Answer 22

More than one stain used at once, as different chemicals bind to different structures

Question 23

Example of stain and what it stains? (x3)

Answer 23

Methylene blue- DNA
Iodine- plant cell walls
Eosin- cytoplasm (red)

Question 24

Magnification equation?

Answer 24

Magnification= image size/ actual size

Question 25

Millimetres to micrometers conversion?

Answer 25

X1000

Question 26

Micrometers to nanometers conversion?

Answer 26

X1000

Question 27

What is an eyepiece graticule?

Answer 27

Transparent ruler, used to measure size of specimen by fitting to eyepiece lense

Question 28

What is used to calibrate eyepiece graticule?

Answer 28

Stage micrometer

Question 29

What are centrioles?

Answer 29

Small hollow cylinders, made of microtubules

Question 30

what do lysosomes do?

Answer 30

digest invading cells, break down worn out components, and contain digestive enzymes

Question 31

what do vesicles do?

Answer 31

transport substances in and out of cell or between organelles

Question 32

4 steps of protein production?

Answer 32

1- proteins produced at RER (on ribosomes) are folded and processed 2- transported from RER to Golgi via vesicles 3- further processing at Golgi 4- proteins enter more vesicles which fuse with plasma membrane, protein released

Question 33

what is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 33

network of protein threads running through cytoplasm

Question 34

what components make up cytoskeleton + what are their roles?

Answer 34

microtubules and microfilaments -support the cells organelle, keeping it in position -strengthen cell, and maintain shape -transport of organelles and material within cells - cell movement

Question 35

differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 35

-eukaryotic cells larger -DNA is linear in eukaryotes, circular in prokaryotes -eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles, prokaryotes don't -ribosomes larger in eukaryotes -DNA contained in eukaryotes, not in prokaryotes