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evolution & classification Flashcards

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1
Q

what is classification?

A

the act of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities and differences

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2
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

study of classification

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3
Q

8 levels of groups in classification?

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

what is the binomial system?

A

internationally accepted two part Latin name
-Genus species-
(Genus has capital, species has lower case)
written in italics or underlined

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5
Q

5 kingdoms & their characteristics?

A

prokaryotae- prokaryotic, unicellular, no nucleus (bacteria)
protoctista- eukaryotic, single celled or simple multicellular, live in water (algae)
fungi-eukaryotic, chitin cell wall, single celled or multicellular (moulds)
animalia- eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls (fish)
plantae- eukaryotic, multicellular, cellulose cell wall, chlorophyll, photosynthesise (moss)

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6
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

the study of evolutionary history between a group of organisms (who is related and how closely)

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7
Q

what is a species?

A

the smallest group that shares a common ancestor

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8
Q

three types of evidence for classification?

A

fossil
molecular
embryonical

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9
Q

molecular evidence for classification?

A

analysing similarities in DNA and proteins, e.g. sequence of amino acids
more closely related organism will have more similar molecules
Cytochrome C is a short protein found in many species

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10
Q

what are the three domains?

A

bacteria
archae
eukarya

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11
Q

which kingdoms belong to which domains?

A

eukarya= plantae, animalia, protoctista, fungi
bacteria & archae= prokaryotae

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12
Q

what evidence show that archae and bacteria are two different domains?

A

molecular= RNA polymerase is different in bacteria and archae.
archae have similar histones to eykarya, but bacteria don’t.
cellular= the bonds of lipids in cell membranes are different. flagella composition is different.
archae are more closely related to eykarya than bacteria.

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13
Q

what is intraspecific variation?

A

variation within a species

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14
Q

what is interspecific variation?

A

variation between different species

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15
Q

what is continuous variation?

A

when the individuals in a population vary within a range- there are no distinct categories e.g. height is any cm, not just tall or short

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16
Q

what is discontinuous variation?

A

two or more distinct categories, no intermediates e.g. blood group, colour, shape, antibiotic resistance

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17
Q

causes of variation?

A

genetic
environmental
both

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18
Q

variation caused by genetic factors examples, and how it is caused?

A

this variation is inherited
eye colour
blood type
antibiotic resistance

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19
Q

variation caused by environmental factors and how it is caused?

A

caused by differences in environment
accent
pierced ears

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20
Q

how to genetic and environmental factors work together in variation?

A

genetic determines the characteristics an organism is born with, environmental influences how characteristics develop e.g. height genetic determines, but environment, such as nutrients can influence it

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21
Q

two methods to measure how much variation is in a sample?

Study These Flashcards
A

mean and standard deviation

22
Q

what does the graph of normal distribution look like and why?

Study These Flashcards
A

-bell shaped graph, because there are values on either side of the mean
-symmetrical about the mean

23
Q

what does standard deviation tell you?

Study These Flashcards
A

-how much the value in a single sample varies
-it is a measure of the spread of values about the mean

24
Q

standard deviation equation and meaning of all values?

Study These Flashcards
A

s= square root of (total x-X)2/ n-1
x= value
x with a line on= mean
n= number of values

25
what do we use to work out if there is a correlation between a genetic/ environmental factor and a characteristic?
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs) this also tells you how strongly they are related
26
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient equation?
rs= 1- (6 x total d2)/ n(n2-1) d= difference in rank between two pairs n= total number of data pairs
27
results for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and meanings?
-1 to 1 -1= perfect negative correlation 1= perfect positive correlation closer to 0= weaker correlation
28
to rank values in Spearman's correlation coefficient, what value gets called 1?
the highest value
29
what is a null hypothesis?
a sentence that is used when investigating correlation, that always states there is NO correlation
30
what do we use to determine if a null hypothesis can be rejected?
critical value
31
when to reject or accept null hypothesis in Spearman's rank calculation?
-if critical value is lower than Spearman's rank value, we reject hypothesis (result is statistically significant and correlation is unlikely to be due to chance) -if critical value is higher than Spearman's rank value, we accept hypothesis
32
what does it mean to be better adapted?
the organism has features that increase its chance of survival and reproduction
33
three types of adaptations and examples?
behavioural= the ways an organism acts e.g. possums play dead, scorpions dance before mating physiological= processes inside an organism's body e.g. brown bears hibernate, bacteria produce antibiotics to kill competition anatomical= structural features of an organism's body e.g. otter have streamlined shape, whales have blubber
34
what is convergent evolution?
when two species evolve similar characteristics independently of one another because they've adapted to live in similar environments
35
what similar adaptations do placental and marsupial moles have?
small/ non existent eyes scoop shaped paws for digging tube shaped body to push through sand claws for digging no external ears, for streamlined head
36
Darwin's observations?
1. organisms produce more offspring than survive 2. variation in characteristic's of same species 3. characteristics are passed from one generation to next 4. individuals that are best adapted are more likely to survive
37
natural selection process?
- individuals within a population show variation - selection pressures such as disease create a struggle to survive - individuals better adapted are more likely to survive and reproduce, to pass on adaptions to offspring -over time, proportion of population with adaptation increases - over generations this leads to evolution
38
explain Wallace's contribution?
he published papers with Darwin he observed that warning colours are used by some species to deter predators he wrote about all of the species he had seen on his travels, in Darwin's book
39
how do fossils act as evidence for evolution?
by arranging fossils in chronological order, gradual changes in organisms can be observed
40
how does molecular evidence (DNA) act as evidence for evolution?
the base sequence of organism's DNA can tell us how closely related two species are organism's that diverged from each other more recently, have more similar DNA
41
how does molecular evidence (proteins) act as evidence for evolution?
comparing sequence of amino acids in proteins as well as antibodies tells us how closely related organisms are
42
why do organisms that are more closely related have more similar DNA/ proteins?
less time has passed for changes in proteins/ DNA to occur
43
how can pesticide resistance be explained by natural selection?
-gene mutations make some insects resistant to pesticides -when exposed to pesticide, only those with resistance will survive and reproduce -alleles which cause resistance are passed onto next generation -over generations, population will evolve to be more resistant
44
two types of student t- tests and what they test for?
unpaired= used to compare two means from two different groups of individuals paired= used to compare two means from the same group of individuals
45
unpaired t- test critical value?
(n1+n2) -2
46
paired t-test critical value?
n-1
47
paired t test equation?
t= d x root of n/ sd sd= standard deviation of differences between each pair n= number of pairs d with line= mean of the difference between each pair of value
48
unpaired t- test equation?
search it please, sorry i cant write it here
49
what is chi squared test used to find?
to find out whether difference between observed and expected data is significant or not
50
chi squared test equation?
x2= sum of (o-e)2/ e

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