Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > disease > Flashcards

disease Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

two bacterial diseases? what species do they affect?

A

tuberculosis (animals, cattle)
ring rot (potatoes, tomatoes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three viral diseases? what species do they affect?

A

HIV/AIDS (humans)
influenza (animals, humans)
tobacco mosaic virus (plants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

two fungal diseases? what species do they affect?

A

black sigatoka (bananas)
athlete’s foot (humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

two diseases caused by Protoctista? what species do they affect?

A

malaria (animals, humans)
potato/ tomato late blight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

three direct transmissions of disease?

A

sexual intercourse
droplet infection (coughing, sneezing ONTO someone)
touching infected organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

four ways disease spread via intermediate?

A

air
water
food
vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

three factors affecting transmission and examples?

A

living conditions (overcrowding)
social factors (income, occupation, healthcare, education)
climate (humid, hot, wet climate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

six primary, non specific defences that animals have against pathogens?

A

skin
mucous membranes
blood clotting
inflammation
wound repair
expulsive reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does the skin act as a barrier?

A

physical barrier
chemical barrier, secretes antimicrobial chemicals (slow the growth of pathogens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do mucous membranes act as a primary barrier?

A

secrete mucus to trap pathogens in ears, nostrils, mouth, genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does blood clotting act as a primary, non specific defence?

A

when platelets are exposed to damaged vessels, they release fibrin, which forms fibrin mesh. this traps platelets and forms a blood clot. (prevent pathogen entry and blood loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does inflammation act as a primary defence?

A

swelling, pain, heat and redness. damaged tissue causes blood vessels to leak fluid into surrounding area. swelling isolates pathogen, blood flow to area is increased, white blood cells arrive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is wound repair a primary defence?

A

outer layer of skin cells repair damaged area, tissue below wound contracts to bring edges closer together. collagen fibres repair it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are expulsive reflexes a primary defence?

A

coughing and sneezing
nostrils/ respiratory tract are irritated, pathogen is expelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are 3 plants physical defences?

A

-waxy cuticle is physical barrier, also stops water collecting, which could cause spread of disease
-cell wall is physical barrier
-callose deposited between cell wall and plasma membrane, as well as in plasmodesmata. harder for pathogens to enter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

plant chemical defences?

A
  • chemicals secreted that are toxic to insects, stop reduced risk of infection by vector.
    -necrosis= deliberate cell death to prevent pathogen spreading
    -phenols= antibiotic and antifungal chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the immune system?

A

the body’s reaction to a foreign antigen. this will respond a if a pathogen gets past the primary defences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is the immune system activated?

A

by antibodies (proteins/ polysaccharides) found on the surface of cells, which identify pathogen as foreign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how are specific and non specific responses different?

A

specific response is antigen- specific, non specific is general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

four main stages of immune response?

A

phagocytosis
T lymphocyte activation
B lymphocyte activation/ plasma cell production
antibody production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

7 stages of phagocytosis?

A

phagocytes carry out a non specific response.
-phagocyte recognises antigen on surface of pathogen
-Opsonin attach to foreign molecule, aiding phagocyte
-membrane and cytoplasm of phagocyte engulf pathogen
-pathogen is contained in a phagosome (vesicle)
-lysosome fuses with phagosome, digestive enzymes break down pathogen
-phagocyte presents antigens on surface to activate immune system cells
-neutrophils (WBC) move towards pathogen after signal from cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stages of t lymphocyte activation?

A

-T lymphocytes (WBC) has a surface covered with receptors.
- the receptors bind to antigens on APCs.
-each t lymphocyte binds to a different antigen, this is called clonal selection.
-clonal expansion occurs, (dividing to produce copies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

two types of T lymphocytes, and functions?

A

T helper cells- release substances to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells
T killer cells-attach to and kill cells infected with virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens in the third stage of immune response, B lymphocyte activation?

A

-B lymphocytes (WBC) are covered with antibodies (proteins).
-they bind to antigens to form antigen- antibody complex
-each B lymphocyte binds to a different antigen (clonal selection)
-B lymphocytes divide into plasma cells and memory cells (clonal expansion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
explain antibody production, the last stage of immune response.
-plasma cells are clones of the B lymphocyte. -they secrete lots of the antibody -these antibodies bind to antigen on surface of the pathogen -this is the signal for the immune system to attack pathogen
26
how does cell signalling work and why is it important for the immune system?
-a cell releases a substance that binds to the receptors on another cell, causing a response in second cell -it helps to activate all the types of WBC's in immune response
27
how do T helper cells activate B lymphocytes?
T helper cells release interleukins that bind to receptors on B lymphocyte
28
why are stains added to blood smears?
to make the different cells easy to see
29
what is visible in a blood smear?
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, 9grainy cytoplasm)
30
neutrophil structure?
multilobed nucleus granular cytoplasm (full of lysosomes)
31
macrophage/ monocyte structure?
larger than neutrophil kidney shaped nucleus
32
lymphocyte structure?
smaller than a neutrophil large nucleus
33
antibody structure?
-glycoproteins, with two heavy and two light polypeptide chains. -each chain has a variable and constant region
34
what is the variable region on an antibody?
-antigen- binding sites -the shape of the variable region is complementary to the antigen
35
what does the hinge region on an antibody do?
allows flexibility when the antibody binds to the antigen
36
what does the constant region on an antibody do?
allows binding to the receptors on immune system cells the constant region is the same across all antibodies
37
what does the disulfide bridge on an antibody do?
holds the polypeptide chain of the proteins together
38
role of antibodies (agglutinins)
agglutinating pathogens- binds to two pathogens at once, clumping them together. phagocytes can then bind to the antibody and phagocytose pathogens all at once.
39
role of antibodies (anti-toxins)
neutralising toxin- anti toxins bind to toxins, toxins neutralise (inactivate). the toxin- antibody complexes are also phagocytosed
40
how do antibodies prevent pathogen from binding to human cell?
antibodies block the cell surface receptors that pathogens need to bind to host cells
41
why is the primary response slow?
there aren't as many b lymphocytes that can make the antibody needed to bind to the pathogen
42
types of memory cells & their function?
memory B lymphocytes- record the specific type of antibody needed to bind to antigen memory T lymphocyte- remember specific antigen, can recognise it the second time round
43
how is secondary response different to primary immune response?
secondary immune response is when the pathogen enters the body for the second time, and person is immune
44
how is secondary response faster?
-clonal selection happens faster -memory B lymphocytes can divide into plasma cells that produce the correct antibody for antigen -memory T lymphocytes divide into correct T lymphocyte to kill infected cell
45
can immunity last forever after one infection?
no, memory T and B lymphocytes have a limited lifespan. continual exposure can ensure longer lasting immunity.
46
are symptoms present in the secondary response? why?
no, the response gets rid of the pathogen before symptoms appear
47
what is active immunity & its 2 types?
active- immune system makes its own antibodies natural= become immune after catching a disease artificial= exposure to vaccination
48
what is passive immunity & its 2 types?
passive- antibodies given from a different organism natural= baby becomes immune due to antibodies received from mother via placenta artificial= become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else e.g. tetanus, collected form blood donations
49
differences between active and passive immunity?
-active's protection is long term, passive's is short term -active produced memory cells, passive doesn't -active takes a while for protection to develop, passive is immediate
50
what are autoimmune diseases?
when the immune system launches an attack on the organism's own tissue- due to not recognising self antigens
51
what is rheumatoid disease?
the immune system attacks cells in the joints, causing pain and inflammation
52
what could the substances inside of vaccines be?
-antigens (alone) -antigens attached to attenuated pathogen -mRNA (can provide instructions for cells to produce antigen)
53
what is the disadvantage of oral vaccines?
it can be broken down by enzymes, or can be too large to be absorbed into the blood
54
what is herd immunity?
large percentage of the population is vaccinated, meaning even those who aren't vaccinated are unlikely to catch disease
55
how are vaccination and immunisation linked?
vaccination causes immunisation (developed immunity)
56
examples of routine vaccines?
-the MMR- protect against measles, mumps, rubella -the meningitis C vaccine- protects against bacteria that cause meningitis
57
why do vaccinations have to change regularly?
pathogens can change their surface antigens, meaning memory cells can't recognise antigen, and have to start process from scratch
58
what is an example of a vaccination that has to change regularly?
influenza vaccination- changes every year, due to new strands forming
59
why are antibiotics so useful regarding other cells in the body?
they target bacterial cells without damaging human cells
60
how does antibiotic resistance spread?
-resistant bacteria is caused by genetic variation in a population. - resistant bacteria survive despite antibiotics in the body, and pass on allele of resistance to lots of offspring
61
what is a superbug?
bacteria resistant to most known antibiotics
62
examples of antibiotic resistant bacteria?
MRSA- causes wound infections Clostridium difficile- infects digestive system
63
ways to prevent antibiotic resistance?
- modifying existing antibiotics -developing new antibiotics -reduce prescriptions -take whole course of antibiotics -stop use of antibiotics in agriculture
64
sources of medicine examples?
penicillin- fungus cancer drugs- soil bacteria Alzheimer's drug- daffodils
65
what is personalised medicine?
medicines tailored to an individual's DNA, drugs prescribed that will be most effective for you

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions