Cells Review

Question 1

What are the four major elements found in all cells?

Answer 1

• Life’s chemicals
•C, O, H, N

Question 2

What are the functions of cells?

Answer 2

•Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

Question 3

What are cells defined as?

Answer 3

•The building blocks of all living things

Question 4

What are the regions of the nucleus?

Answer 4

•Nuclear membrane
•Nucleolus
•Chromatin

Question 5

What is the location of the nucleus?

Answer 5

•Surrounded by cytoplasm
•Located in center of cell

Question 6

What are functions and traits of the nucleus?

Answer 6

•Largest membrane bound organelle
•Headquarters/master of cell

•Cell division
•Control of genetic information
•The replication and repair of DNA
•Transcription of information stored in DNA

Question 7

What are the functions of nuclear membrane and characteristics?

Answer 7

•Barrier of nucleus
•Consists of a double phospholipid membrane
•Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
•Selectively permeable

Question 8

Where are the nucleoli located and what are its functions?

Answer 8

•Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
•Sites of ribosome production
•Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Question 9

What is chromatin (when not dividing)?

Answer 9

•Composed of DNA and protein, scattered throughout the nucleus.
•Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides.

Question 10

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 10

·Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

Question 11

What is cytosol?

Answer 11

·Fluid that suspends other elements

Question 12

What are organelles?

Answer 12

·Metabolic machinery of the celll

Question 13

What are inclusions?

Answer 13

·Non-functioning units (fats, pigments)

Question 14

What are ribosomes and its functions/locations?

Answer 14

·Made of protein and RNA
·Sites of protein synthesis
·Located free in the cytoplasm and attached to rough e.r.

Question 15

What is RNA?

Answer 15

·Protein complexes synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm

Question 16

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 16

·Studded with ribosomes
·Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed

Question 17

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 17

·Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

Question 18

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 18

·Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
·A network of tubular channels that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane
·Specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components

Question 19

What is the golgi apparutus?

Answer 19

·Modifies and packages proteins
·A network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus
·Secretory vesicles

Question 20

What are lysosomes?

Answer 20

·Contain enzymes that digest unusable materials within the cell
·Examples: amino acids, fatty acids, sugar

Question 21

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 21

·Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
·Produce hydrogen peroxide
·Detoxify harmful substances
·Breakdown free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

Question 22

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 22

·Powerhouse of the cell
·Changes shape continuously
·Provides ATP for cellular energy
·Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to breakdown food
·PH control, calcium homeostasis, cell signaling

Question 23

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 23

·Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
·Provides the cell with an internal framework

Question 24

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 24

·Barrier for cell contents
·Double phospholipid bilayer (fat-water): hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails
·Other materials: protein, cholesterol, glycoproteins