Cells: Structure of eukaryotic cells

Question 1

What is a eukaryotic cell

Answer 1

A cell that has a definite closed nucleus and organelles that are enclosed by a plasma membrane ( cell surface membrane)

Question 2

What is a plasma membrane (cell-surface membrane)

Answer 2

Membrane found in eukaryotic cells that protects the interior of the cells from the outside

Question 3

What is the function of a plasma membrane

Answer 3

It protects the cell from its surroundings by controlling the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell

Question 4

How is the plasma membrane adapted to carry out its function

Answer 4

It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer which acts as a barrier ( a semi permeable membrane) and the proteins in the plasma membrane assist with the transfer of molecules in and out of the cell

Question 5

What is the function of the Nucleus

Answer 5

It controls the activity of a cell and is the site of DNA replication

Also produces mRNA which carries the genetic information needed to make proteins

Question 6

What is a nucleus

Answer 6

It is a membrane bound organelle in a cell which contains DNA usually in the form of chromatin and is surrounded by its own membrane

Question 7

What is the function of the Golgi body (Golgi apparatus)

Answer 7

It transports, modifies and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to target destinations

Question 8

What is the function of the Golgi vesicles

Answer 8

It directs lipids and proteins to targeted locations

Question 9

What is the Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

A series of membrane folds that connect to the nuclear envelope

Question 10

What is the nuclear envelope

Answer 10

A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Question 11

What is the function of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

It synthesises and processes lipids within the cell

Question 12

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 12

Makes and synthesises the proteins that ribosomes produce and are folded and moved over to the golgi apparatus

Question 13

How is the rough endoplasmic reticulum adapted to carry out its function

Answer 13

It is studded with ribosomes

Question 14

How is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum adapted to carry out is function

Answer 14

It has branched networking which allows for an increased surface area

Question 15

What is a ribosome

Answer 15

It is a tiny organelle that either floats freely in the cytoplasm or is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 16

What is the function of a ribosome

Answer 16

A ribosome is the site of protein synthesis

Question 17

What is ATP

Answer 17

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy-carrying molecule used in cells

Question 18

What is the function of a mitochondrion

Answer 18

It is the site of aerobic respiration which provides the cell with all the energy it needs

Question 19

Name and describe the features found in the mitochondria

Answer 19

• Outer membrane
• Inner membrane - Contains many folds which form cristae
• Matrix - space located in the enclosed inner membrane
• Intermembrane space - space located between the inner and outer membranes

Question 20

How is the mitochondria adapted to its function

Answer 20

It has a double membrane with an inner one with many folds which form cristae - these folds allow for more surface area to be achieved

Question 21

Function of a cell wall

Answer 21

Provides tensile strength and protection against stress which keeps plant cells rigid

Question 22

What is the cytoplasm

Answer 22

A gel-like substance by which chemical reactions take place

Question 23

What is the function of a vacuole

Answer 23

Contains the waste product of a plant cell and keeps the cell rigid

Question 24

Name the features found in the chloroplast

Answer 24

• Stroma
• Thylakoids
• Grana (granum pl.)
• [Stroma] lamellae
• Chloroplast envelope (made of inner and outer membrane
• Ribosomes
• Starch grains

Question 25

Outline thylakoids as a feature found in chloroplasts

Answer 25

* Flattened fluid-filled sacs * Responsible for trapping light energy and transferring it into ATP * Stack up to form grana

Question 26

Outline the stroma as a feature found in chloroplasts

Answer 26

* The stroma is the fluid filling the inner space of the chloroplast * The site of light-independent stage of photosynthesis

Question 27

Outline granum as a feature found in chloroplasts

Answer 27

* A stack like structure (of thylakoids) containing chlorophyll * Where light reactions of photosynthesis occur

Question 28

Outline [stroma] lamellae as a feature found in chloroplasts

Answer 28

* Connect thylakoids of two different grana - increasing photosynthesis efficiency by making sure they do not clutter

Question 29

Outline the chloroplast envelope as a feature found in chloroplasts

Answer 29

* Made of an inner and outer membrane

Question 30

Outline ribosomes as a feature found in chloroplasts

Answer 30

Small 70S ribosomes responsible for producing chloroplast DNA

Question 31

Outline the role of chloroplast DNA

Answer 31

It codes for some of the chloroplast proteins

Question 32

Outline starch grains as a feature found in chloroplasts

Answer 32

Sugars formed during photosynthesis are stored inside starch grains

Question 33

Chloroplasts function

Answer 33

It is the site of photosynthesis

Question 34

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough

Answer 34

This is because it is studded with ribosomes

Question 35

What are lysosomes

Answer 35

A special kind of golgi vesicle that are and membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes

Question 36

What is the lysosome's functions

Answer 36

They break down worn out or damaged organelles They can contribute to the digestion of bacteria during phagocytosis

Question 37

What is the function on the nuclear envelope

Answer 37

It separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Question 38

What is the Nucleolus

Answer 38

An area inside the nucleus that is made up of RNA

Question 39

What is the function of the nucleolus

Answer 39

It produces the cells ribosomes by combining rRNA with proteins to make them

Question 40

What is mRNA

Answer 40

It stands for messenger RNA and it is a type of single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis

Question 41

What is rRNA

Answer 41

It is the part of ribosomes that is responsible for making proteins

Question 42

Were are ribosomes made

Answer 42

In the nucleolus

Question 43

State the type of ribosome found in eukaryotic cells

Answer 43

80S ribosomes

Question 44

State the ribosomes found in prokaryotic cell

Answer 44

70S ribosomes

Question 45

What is a specialised cell

Answer 45

A cell that has undergone differentiation; having distinctive structure enabling a certain function

Question 46

State the organisation that occurs to form organ systems

Answer 46

Specialised cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems