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B2 > Cells, Tissues And Organs > Flashcards

Cells, Tissues And Organs Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Where is the light microscope used?

A

In schools.

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2
Q

What kind of microscope do scientists use?

A

Electron microscope.

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3
Q

What do animal cells contain?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.

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4
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains all the genetic material that controls the activities of the cell.

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5
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen.

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6
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out.

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7
Q

What are the ribosomes?

A

These are where protein synthesis takes place.

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8
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

These are where most of the reactions for respiration take place.

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9
Q

How are plants different to animals?

A

They make their own food by photosynthesis, they stay in one place and they do not move their whole bodies about from one place to another.

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10
Q

How are plant cells different?

A

They have cell walls, a permanent vacuole and chloroplasts also.

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11
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose and strengthens the cell and gives it support.

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12
Q

What are the chloroplast?

A

Where photosynthesis takes place. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light energy.

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13
Q

What is the permanent vacuole?

A

The space in the cytoplasm filed with cell sap. Important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant.

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14
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Singled celled living microorganisms that are much smaller than plant and animal cells.

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15
Q

What are bacteria made up of?

A

Cytoplasm, a cell membrane and a cell wall. Genetic material floats in the cytoplasm as there is no nucleus.

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16
Q

What are bacteria used in?

A

Yoghurt and cheese.

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17
Q

What does yeast contain?

A

Nucleus containing genetic material, cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.

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18
Q

How do yeast reproduce?

A

Asexual budding.

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19
Q

During aerobic respiration what do yeast cells produce as waste products?

A

Water and CO2.

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20
Q

During anaerobic respiration what do yeast cells produce as waste products?

A

Ethanol and CO2.

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21
Q

What does it mean when a cell becomes specialised?

A

Its structure is adapted to suit the particular job it does.

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22
Q

How are fat cells specialised?

A

They have a small amount of cytoplasm and large amounts of fat, they have few mitochondria as the cells need very little energy, they can expand up to 1000 times its original size.

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23
Q

How are cone cells specialised?

A

The outer segment contains a special chemical. This changes chemically in coloured light. The middle section is packed full of mitochondria which releases energy. The final part of the cone cell is a specialised synapse that connects to the optic nerve.

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24
Q

How are root cells specialised?

A

The root hairs increase the surface area for water to move into the cell. The root hair cells have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell.

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25
How are sperm cells specialised?
They have a long tail which helps the sperm move towards the egg, the middle section is full of mitochondria which provides energy for the tail to work, the acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg. A large nucleus contains the genetic information to be passed on.
26
How are palisade leaf cells adapted for photosynthesis?
They are packed with chloroplasts and more of them are crammed near the top so that they are nearer the light. They are tall which means that a lot of surface area is exposed down the side of the leaf for absorbing CO2. Thin shape means that you can pack lots of them in at the top of the leaf.
27
How are guard cells adapted to open and close pores?
Special kidney shape which opens and closes the stomata in the leaf. They become turgid when there is lots of water, this makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis. When the plant has little water the cells become flaccid making the stomata close, reducing water loss. Sensitive to light and close at night to save water.
28
What does diffusion result in?
The net movement of particles.
29
What is diffusion?
The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
30
Why does diffusion take place?
The random motion of the particles.
31
How will diffusion happen quicker?
If there is a big difference in the concentration between the two areas.
32
Net movement =
Particles moving in - particles moving out.
33
What is the concentration gradient?
The difference between the two areas of concentration.
34
How will the concentration gradient be steeper?
When the difference between the two areas is larger.
35
What can also affect the rate of diffusion?
Temperature.
36
What important substances move across the cell membrane by diffusion?
Water, glucose, amino acids.
37
How does oxygen get into the blood?
The oxygen you need is passed into the lungs. From there it gets into your red blood cells through the cell membrane by diffusion. The oxygen moves along the concentration gradient from a region of high to low oxygen concentration.
38
How are some cells adapted to have larger surface areas for diffusion?
The folding of the cell membrane or tissue lining of the organ means there is more room for diffusion to take place.
39
How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?
They are concave increasing their surface area. Packed with haemoglobin, the pigment that absorbs the oxygen, have no nucleus as that leaves more room for more haemoglobin.
40
What are tissues?
A group of cells with a similar structure working together.
41
Examples of tissues?
Muscular tissue, glandular tissue and epithelial tissue.
42
What is muscle tissue?
It can contract to bring about movement.
43
What is glandular tissue?
It contains secretory cells that can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones.
44
What is epithelial tissue?
It covers the outside of the body and the internal organs.
45
What tissues do plants have?
Epidermal tissue, mesophyll tissue and xylem and phloem.
46
What is epidermal tissue?
It covers the outside of the plant to protect it.
47
What is mesophyll tissue?
It contains a lot of chloroplast and can carry out photosynthesis
48
What are xylem and phloem?
Transport tissues in a plant. They carry water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots up to the leaves and dissolved food from the leaves around the plant.
49
What are organs?
Made up of tissue and can contain several tissues all working together.
50
What tissues are in the stomach?
Muscular tissue, glandular tissue and epithelial tissue.
51
What does the pancreas do?
It makes hormones to control our blood sugar. It also makes some enzymes that digest our food.
52
What are organ systems?
Different organs combined to carry out major functions in the body.
53
What is an example of an organ system?
Digestive system.
54
What is the food we take in made up of?
Large insoluble molecules..
55
What is the digestive system?
A muscular tube that squeeze food through it.
56
Where does the digestive system start?
The mouth.
57
Where does the digestive system finish?
The anus.
58
What do glands do in the digestive system?
Make and release digestive juices containing enzymes to break down food.
59
Example of gland in digestive system?
Salivary glands.
60
What does the stomach and small intestine do in the digestive system?
Break down the large insoluble food molecules into smaller, more soluble ones.
61
What does the muscular tissue in the stomach do?
Moves the stomach wall to curn up the food.
62
What does the glandular tissue do in the stomach?
Makes digestive juices to digest food.
63
What does epithelial tissue do in the stomach?
Covers the inside and outside of the stomach.
64
What happens in the small intestine during digestion?
Where soluble food molecules are absorbed back into the blood.
65
How is the small intestine adapted?
It has a very large surface area to increase diffusion from the gut to the blood.
66
How is food transported to the large intestine?
The muscular walls of the gut squeeze the undigested food onwards into the large intestine.
67
What do plant organs include?
Leaves, stems, roots.

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