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B2 > Simple Inheritance in Animals and Plants > Flashcards

Simple Inheritance in Animals and Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are new cells needed?

A

To replace cells which become worn out and to repair damaged tissue.

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA.

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3
Q

What are different forms of the same gene known as?

A

Alleles.

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4
Q

How many chromosomes in the body?

A

46.

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5
Q

When is mitosis used?

A

When plants and animals want to grow or to replace cells that have been damaged.

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6
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two identical offspring.

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7
Q

What else is mitosis used in?

A

Asexual reproduction.

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8
Q

How does mitosis occur?

A
  1. The chromosome creates a copy so that there is two sets.

2. The cells divide to create two new cells containing the exact same DNA.

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9
Q

When a muscle cell divides what cell will it form?

A

A muscle cell.

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10
Q

In plants where do undifferentiated cells divide?

A

In the active regions of the stems and roots.

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11
Q

Why can we grow a plant from a piece of tissue?

A

In the right conditions, a plant cell will become unspecialised and undergo mitosis many times. Each of these undifferentiated cells will produce more cells by mitosis.

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12
Q

Why is it difficult to clone animals?

A

Animal cells differentiate permanently, early in embryo development and don’t change back.

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13
Q

Where does meiosis take place?

A

In the reproductive organs of animal and plants.

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14
Q

How are gametes formed?

A

By meiosis.

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15
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division where the chromosome number is reduced by half.

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16
Q

How is variety introduced by meiosis?

A

When the gamete is produced it is slightly different from the others. They contain random mixtures of the original chromosomes pairs.

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17
Q

What is the first step during meiosis?

A

The chromosomes in the cell are copied.

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18
Q

What is the second step during meiosis

A

The cell divides in two, and these new cells immediately divide again.

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19
Q

Why is there no variation during asexual reproduction?

A

The offspring are a result of mitosis from the parent cell, so they contain exactly the same chromosomes and the same genes as the parents.

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20
Q

Why is there variation during sexual reproduction?

A

The gametes are produced by meiosis in the sex organs of the parents. This introduces variety as each gamete is different. Then when the gametes fuse, one of each pair of chromosomes, and so one of each pair of genes, comes from each parent.

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21
Q

What is special about embryonic stem cells?

A

They can turn into any type of cell.

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22
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

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23
Q

When is the ability to differentiate lost in animals?

A

At an early stage.

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24
Q

When is the ability to differentiate lost in animals?

A

Plant cells never lose their ability.

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25
What is a good source of stem cells?
Bone marrow.
26
What is the problem of cells from bone marrow?
They aren't as versatile as embryonic stem cells as they can't turn into any cell type just certain ones.
27
How can blood disease be cured?
By bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow contains stem cells that can turn into new blood cells to replace the faulty ones.
28
How are embryos useful?
Scientists can extract stem cells from the embryo and grow them.
29
Why are people against using embryo's?
They think it shouldn't be used as it is a potential human. They feel that scientists should concentrate on finding and developing other sources of stem cells, so people could be helped without having to use embryos.
30
What are the arguments supporting the use of embryos?
Curing patients that already exists and who are suffering is more important than the rights of embryos. Embryos used in research are usually unwanted ones from fertility clinics so they would probably otherwise be destroyed if they weren't used for research.
31
What does DNA contain?
The instruction to put an organism together and make it work.
32
Where is DNA found?
In chromosomes.
33
What is a gene?
A section of DNA which contains the instructions to make a specific protein.
34
How are proteins made?
By stringing amino acids together in a particular order.
35
What do genes do?
Tell cells in what order to put the amino acids together.
36
What else does DNA determine?
What proteins the cell produces. e.g. haemoglobin, keratin.
37
What did Mendel conclude?
Characteristics in plants are determined by hereditary units. Hereditary units are passed on from both parents, one unit from each. Hereditary units can be dominant or recessive - if an individual has both the dominant characteristic will be expressed.
38
What are hereditary units?
Genes.
39
Why was Mendel's work not accepted until after his death?
Nobody knew about genes or DNA.
40
Everyone has unique DNA accept who?
Identical twins and clones.
41
What is DNA fingerprinting?
A way of cutting up a person's DNA into small sections and then separating them.
42
How can these fingerprints be produced?
Body fluids such as: blood, saliva and semen.
43
What can DNA fingerprinting be used in?
Forensic science to solve crimes and find the biological father of a child when there is doubt.
44
What are alleles?
Different version of the same gene.
45
What are dominant genes?
Control the development of a characteristic even if they are only present on one of your chromosomes.
46
What are recessive genes?
They only control the characteristic if no dominant allele is present.
47
What does homozygous mean?
An individual with two identical alleles for a characteristic.
48
What does heterozygous mean?
An individual with two different alleles for a characteristic.
49
What does genotype mean?
This describes the genetic makeup of an individual regarding a particular characteristic.
50
What does phenotype mean?
This describes the physical appearance of an individual regarding a particular characteristic.
51
What is polydactyly?
A genetic disorder where a baby's born with extra fingers or toes.
52
What is polydactyl caused by?
A dominant allele.
53
What are the chances of getting polydactyl if one parent has the condition?
50%
54
What is cystic fibrosis?
A genetic disorder of the cell membranes. It results in the body producing a lot of thick sticky mucus in the passages and the pancreas.
55
What is cystic fibrosis caused by?
A recessive allele.
56
What are carriers?
Individuals who carry the recessive allele but also the dominant allele so there are no symptoms of the disease.
57
What does a genetic diagram show us?
The alleles for a characteristic carried by the parents, the possible gametes which can be formed from these. How these could combine to form the characteristic in their offspring. The genotype of the offspring allows you to work out the possible phenotype so too.
58
During IVF how can embryos be screened?
Before being implanted, it's possible to remove a cell from each embryo and analyse its genes. Many genetic disorders can be detected in this way. Embryos with good alleles can be implanted and others destroyed.
59
What are the arguments against embryonic screening?
There may come a point where everyone wants to screen their embryos so that they can pick the most desirable ones. The rejected embryos are destroyed and they could have become human. It implies that people with genetic problems are undesirable. Screening is expensive.
60
What are the arguments for embryonic screening?
It will help to stop people suffering. There are laws to stop it going too far, cannot select the sex of the child. During IVF, most of the embryos are destroyed, screening just allows the selected one to be healthy. Treating disorders costs the Government a lot of money.

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