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ANAT 231 > Cells & Tissues (Lecture) > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Membrane that surrounds the cell

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2
Q

Plasma membrane structure?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Proteins

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3
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Separates the cell from the extracellular fluid

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4
Q

What does cholesterol do for the cell?

A

Stabilizes membrane fluidity

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5
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A

Allow material to enter/exit cell. Also allows for communication between cells

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6
Q

All cells:

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Undergo metabolism to make ATP
  3. Respond to environment
  4. Made of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
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7
Q

Differentiated Cells

A

Specific function and cell shape

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8
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that divide indefinitely

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9
Q

Stem cell types

A

Daughter cells
Unipotent stem cells (osteoblasts)
Pluripotent stem cells (blood stem cells)
Totipotent stem cells (fertilized egg)

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Structures within a cell that carry our particular functions. (Must be surrounded by membrane)

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11
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid that organelles float in. Mostly made of water with dissolved ions, nutrients, etc.

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle, stores DNA and makes RNA

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14
Q

Nucleolus

A

Region within nucleus that makes ribosomes

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Makes ATP from glucose

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16
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has ribosomes to make secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and organelle proteins

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17
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages proteins into vesicles and sends them to proper location

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18
Q

Vesicles:

A
  • transport vesicles
  • secretory vesicles
  • storage vesicles
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19
Q

Lysosome

A

Containing digestive enzymes. Digests old organelles, etc. (apoptosis)

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20
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Metabolism of Carbohydrates and lipids. Stores calcium, and detoxifies

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21
Q

Free Ribosome

A

Structures that are used to read RNA and make proteins that stay in the cytosol

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22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Made of protein filaments:

  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filament
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23
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Maintain cell shape

- allows movement within cell

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24
Q

Microfilament

A
  • cell movement

- change cell shape (actin & myosin)

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25
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

Give cells physical strength (keratin)

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26
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium is found where?

A

Found where lots of diffusion is required

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27
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium are found where?

A

Found in areas of some diffusion (glands)

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28
Q

What are some characteristics of a Simple columnar epithelium?

A

May have goblet cells: secrete mucus

29
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Always have goblet cells

Ciliated vs. Non-ciliated

30
Q

Stratified Epithelial Tissue purpose and the different types

A

Provides protection against abrasions

  1. Stratified squamous epithelia
  2. Stratified cuboidal
  3. Transitional epithelium
31
Q

Stratified squamous epithelia

A
  1. Keratinized (only in epidermis)

2. Non-keratinized (mouth, throat, vagina, anus)

32
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Line ducts

33
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Stretch (bladder, urethra, etc)

34
Q

Types of connective tissue

A
  1. Fibrous CT

2. Special CT

35
Q

Components of all Fibrous CT

A

Cells:

  • Fibroblasts
  • leukocytes
  • adipocytes

Extracellular Matrix:

  • Interstitial fluid
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
  • Blood vessels
  • nerves
36
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Make protein fibers (ex. collagen)

37
Q

Leukocytes

A

Macrophages, mast cells (release histamine)

38
Q

Adipocytes

A

Store fat

39
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Give strength, turn H2O to gel

40
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Create mesh to hold cells in place

41
Q

Interstitial fluid contains what?

A

Contain H2O, gas, hormones, and waste

42
Q

Blood vessels role for cells

A

Leak plasma; become ECM

43
Q

Nerves

A

Provide sensation

44
Q

Types of fibrous CT

A

Loose and dense fibrous. Loose fibrous CT contain more ground substance, less fiber. Dense fibrous CT contain less ground substance, more fiber.

45
Q

Types of loose fibrous CT

A

Areolar CT: underneath all ET
Adipose tissue: Store fat
Reticular CT: create a net to hold cells in place

46
Q

Type of dense fibrous CT

A

Dense regular CT: collagen fibers run parallel (strong in 1 direction) ex: Ligament
Dense Irregular CT: collagen fibers different directions (multi-directional strength) ex: skin

47
Q

Epithelial Tissue function and attributes

A
  1. Form a continuous layer of cells
  2. All attached to basement membrane. Its function is to attach to ET and CT and act as a filter between ET and CT
  3. Avascular; nutrients and O2 come from areolar CT
  4. polarity; basal surface and apical surface
48
Q

Intercellular Junctions types

A

1: Tight Junction
2. Desmosomes
3. Gap junction

49
Q

Tight Junction function?

A

Closes gap between cells

50
Q

Desmosomes

A

1: physically attach cells
2: Attached to intermediate filaments

51
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Open channel between cells to allow for communication

52
Q

How to classify ET

A
  1. Structure
    -simple vs stratified
    -shape
  2. Function
    -Dry
    -moist
    I. mucosae-lined with mucus
    II. Serosae watery substance
53
Q

Types of special CT

A
  • cartilage
  • Bone tissue
  • blood
54
Q

Cartilage characteristics and types

A

semi-solid ECM; avascular

  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. fibrocartilage
  3. elastic cartilage
55
Q

Bone tissue types

A

Rigid ECM

  1. Compact bone
  2. spongy bone
56
Q

Blood has what kind of ECM?

A

Fluid ECM

57
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle

58
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

glands that secrete into ducts

59
Q

Classification of glands

A
  • type of secretion
  • method of secretion
  • structure
60
Q

Glands based on type of secretion

A
  1. serous gland (watery) ex. sweat glands
  2. mucous gland
  3. mixed gland (serous and mucous secretion) ex: salivary gland
  4. oil gland (oil/waxy) ex: sebaceous gland
61
Q

Glands based on method of secretion

A
  1. merocrine gland (exocytosis) ex: most sweat glands,, mucus glands
  2. apocrine glands (break off apical PM) ex: mammary gland, prostate gland
  3. holocrine gland (entire cell dissolves) ex: sebaceous gland
62
Q

Glands based on structure

A
  1. Unicellular gland. ex: goblet cell
  2. Multicellular gland
    i. tubular or alveolar gland
    a. simple (1 duct) ex: sweat gland (simple tubular)
    b. compound (2+ ducts) ex: mammary gland ( compound alveolar)
63
Q

apoptosis

A

planned destruction of cells

64
Q

Benign Tumor

A

non-cancerous. tx: removal

65
Q

Cancer Stages

A 
0. Benign Growth
I. Broke through base membrane
II. spread into connective tissue
III. Entered bloodstream
IV: Metastasis
66
Q

Carcinoma

A

Epithelial Tissue Cancer

67
Q

Metastasis

A

Developed past origin point

68
Q

Sarcoma

A

Connective Tissue Cancer

ANAT 231 (41 decks)

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