Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems Flashcards
General structure of the body and the skeletal, muscular, joint, nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory system (33 cards)
What are the basic functions of a cell?
- Metabolism: Converts nutrients into energy.
- Growth and Division: Mitosis for growth, repair, and reproduction.
- Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involved in protein production.
- Response to Stimuli: Cells can respond to chemical signals (e.g., hormones).
- Homeostasis: Maintaining internal balance (e.g., pH, temperature).
What are the main types of cells in the human body?
Epithelial cells: Cover body surfaces and cavities.
Muscle cells: Contract and enable movement.
Nerve cells (neurons): Transmit electrical signals.
Blood cells: Red blood cells (O₂ transport), white blood cells (immune response).
Connective tissue cells: Fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes.
What are the 4 primary tissue types in the human body?
Epithelial tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands.
Connective tissue: Provides support, connects structures (e.g., bone, blood, adipose tissue).
Muscle tissue: Enables movement (e.g., skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles).
Nervous tissue: Transmits electrical signals (e.g., neurons, glial cells).
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Protection (skin).
Absorption (lining of intestines).
Secretion (glands).
Filtration (kidneys).
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, movement of limbs.
Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, striated, heart contraction.
Smooth muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, controls movements in organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels).
What is a cell?
The smallest unit that can live on its own. Makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.
What is a tissue, and provide an example?
A group of similar cells performing a common function, e.g., muscle tissue
Define an organ and give an example.
A structure made of multiple tissues working together, e.g., heart, lungs
What is an organ system, and provide an example?
A group of organs performing complex functions, e.g., cardiovascular system
What are the main cells in the skeletal system?
Osteocytes (bone cells), osteoblasts (bone-forming), osteoclasts (bone-resorbing)
What tissues make up the skeletal system?
Bone tissue (compact & spongy), cartilage, ligaments
Name the organs in the skeletal system.
Bones (e.g., femur, skull), joints
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement (with muscles), calcium storage, blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
What are the main cells in the joint system?
Chondrocytes (cartilage cells), synoviocytes (secrete synovial fluid)
What tissues are found in joints?
Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage), synovial membrane, ligaments
Name major organs of the joint system.
Joints (e.g., knee, shoulder, hip)
What are the functions of the joint system?
Facilitates movement, absorbs shock, provides stability
What are the main cells in the muscular system?
Muscle fibers (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
Name organs in the muscular system.
Individual muscles (e.g., biceps, heart, intestines)
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Movement, posture, heat production, circulation (heart pumping blood)
What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system?
Neurons (transmit signals), glial cells (support neurons)
What tissues are in the nervous system?
Nervous tissue (gray matter, white matter, myelinated vs. unmyelinated neurons)
Name organs in the nervous system.
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
