Cellular

Question 1

regulatory proteins that control cell cycle events
phase specific
activate CDKs

Answer 1

cyclins

Question 2

phosphorylates other proteins to coordinate cell cycle progression
must be activated/inactivated at approp times

Answer 2

cyclin-CDK complexes

Question 3

p53 & hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma which normally inhibit G1 to S transition

Answer 3

tumor suppressor genes

Question 4

permanent cells in G0 that regenerate only from stem cells

Answer 4

neurons, skel m, cardiac m, RBCs

Question 5

stable quiescent cells that enter G1 when stimulated

Answer 5

hepatocytes

lymphocytes

Question 6

labile cells that never enter G0 with short G1

Answer 6

bone marrow, gut epithel, skin, hair follicles, germ cells

Question 7

site of secretory protein synth & N linked oligosaccharide addition to proteins

Answer 7

RER

Question 8

synthesize peptide NT’s for secretion

Answer 8

nissl bodies (RER in neurons)

Question 9

site of synth of cytosolic & organellar proteins

Answer 9

free ribosomes

Question 10

site of steroid synth & detox of drugs/poisons

Answer 10

smooth ER

Question 11

cell types rich in smooth ER

Answer 11

liver hepatocytes

steroid hormone producing cells of adrenal cortex & gonads

Question 12

modifies N oligosaccharides on asparagine, adds O oligosaccharides on serine & threonine, adds mannose 6 phosphate to proteins to traffic to lysosome

Answer 12

golgi distribution center for proteins & lipids from ER to vesicles & p.m.

Question 13

inherited defect in N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase causing failure of golgi to phosphorylate mannose residues - causes proteins to be secreted extracellularly instead of to lysosomes - course facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high level lysosomal enzymes

Answer 13

I-cell disease (inclusion cell disease)

Question 14

cytosolic ribonucleoprotein that traffics proteins from ribosome to RER
if absent, causes proteins to build up in cytosol

Answer 14

signal recognition particle

Question 15

leads things from golgi to golgi (retrograde) or from cis-golgi (side opp. p.m.) to ER

Answer 15

vesicular trafficking protein COPI

Question 16

leads things from ER to cis golgi (anterograde)

Answer 16

vesicular trafficking protein COPII

Question 17

leads things from trans golgi to lysosomes

or leads things from p.m. to endosomes (receptor mediated endocytosis ie. LDL receptors)

Answer 17

vesicular trafficking protein clathrin

Question 18

organelle that catabolizes VLCFA, branched chain FA, a.a.

Answer 18

peroxisomes

Question 19

protein complex that degrades damaged/ubiquinated proteins

Answer 19

proteasome

Question 20

vimentin immunohistochem stain for intm filaments

Answer 20

in connective tissue

Question 21

desmin immunohistochem stain for intm filaments

Answer 21

muscle

Question 22

GFAP immunohistochem stain for intm filaments

Answer 22

neuroglia

Question 23

molecular motor protein that moves retrograde to microtubule (pos to neg)

Answer 23

dynein

Question 24

molecular motor protein that moves anterograde to microtubule (neg to pos)

Answer 24

kinesin

Question 25

drugs that act on microtubules | 'Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly'

Answer 25

Mebendazole, Griseofulvin, Colchicine, Vincristine/vinblastine, Paclitaxel

Question 26

ATPase that links peripheral 9 doublets and causes bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets

Answer 26

axonemal dynein

Question 27

immotile cilia d/t dynein arm defect - M/F infertility, high risk ectopic pregnancy, bronchiectasis, recurrent sinusitis, situs inversus

Answer 27

Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)

Question 28

ergosterol

Answer 28

in fungal plasma membranes

Question 29

Na/K pump ion movements

Answer 29

1 ATP - 3 Na+ exit cell and 2K+ enter cell

Question 30

inhibits Na/K pump by binding K+ site

Answer 30

Ouabain

Question 31

drugs that directly inhib Na/K pump which inhib Na/Ca exchange - increases intracell Ca - increases cardiac contractility

Answer 31

Cardiac glycosides: digoxin, digitoxin

Question 32

type I collagen

Answer 32

bone, skin, tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair 'type one = bONE'

Question 33

type II collagen

Answer 33

cartilage, vitreous body, nucleus pulposus | 'carTWOlage'

Question 34

type III collagen

Answer 34

reticulin: skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue deficient in vascular subtype Ehlers Danlos

Question 35

type IV collagen

Answer 35

basement membrane, basal lamina, lens | 'type 4 under the floor'

Question 36

defective collagen type in Alport syndrome

Answer 36

type IV collagen

Question 37

where does synthesis, hydroxylation, glycosylation of collagen occur in the cell?

Answer 37

inside fibroblast RER

Question 38

preprocollagen content

Answer 38

Gly-X-Y where X & Y are proline or lysine

Question 39

vitC

Answer 39

hydroxylates proline & lysine residues | deficiency of vitC = scurvy

Question 40

glycosylation of pro alpha chain hydroxylysine residues forms _____ via hydrogen & disulfide bonds

Answer 40

triple helix of 3 collagen alpha chains = procollagen

Question 41

problems forming triple collagen helix via glycosylation

Answer 41

osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 42

cleavage of disulfide terminal regions of procollagen forms...

Answer 42

tropocollagen (outside of fibroblast)

Question 43

covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross linkage by lysyl oxidase makes

Answer 43

collagen fibrils

Question 44

problems with cross linking of tropocollagens causes

Answer 44

Ehlers Danlos & Menkes disease

Question 45

auto dominant decreased production of type I collagen, blue sclera, hearing loss, dental abnormalities

Answer 45

osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 46

auto dom or recessive assoc with joint dislocation, berry aneurysm, organ rupture hyperextensible skin, bleeding tendency, hypermobile joints

Answer 46

Ehlers Danlos syndrome classical type is mutated type V collagen vascular type is mutated type 3 collagen

Question 47

X linked recessive CT disease from impaired copper absorption/transport d/t defective menkes protein ____

Answer 47

ATP7A

Question 48

low activity of lysyl oxidase of which copper is a necessary cofactor causing brittle, kinky hair + growth retardation + hypotonia

Answer 48

Menkes disease

Question 49

rich in non hydroxylated proline, glycine, lysine residues (before collagen synthesis) tropoelastin with fibrillin scaffolding extracellul cross linking

Answer 49

elastin

Question 50

defect in fibrillin (glycoprotein that forms sheath around elastin)

Answer 50

Marfan's

Question 51

alpha 1 anti trypsin function

Answer 51

inhibits elastase activity from breaking down too much elastin (deficiency of this enzyme causes emphysema)