Cellular communication

Question 1

external signals are converted to

Answer 1

responses within the cell

Question 2

the 3 steps of cell communication

Answer 2

signal reception,transduction,response

Question 3

signal transduction pathway is a specific cellular response in a _____

Answer 3

series of steps

Question 4

(yeast and animal) and (bacteria and plant) are very similar in what way

Answer 4

share evolution history

Question 5

what is local signaling

Answer 5

cells are touching,close,direct contact

Question 6

cell junctions in animal cells

Answer 6

cytoplasm are connected and signals pass freely

Question 7

cell junction in plant cells

Answer 7

plasmodesmata

Question 8

cell to cell recognition

Answer 8

process where ANIMAL CELLS may communicate via DIRECT CONTACT between membrane-bound cell-surface molecules

Question 9

there are gaps in the cell junction (in plant and animal cells) because

Answer 9

things can pass between cells when attached together

Question 10

what usually passes through cells when they are connected

Answer 10

solute
signals
organisms
organelles

Question 11

difference between cell junction and cell to cell recognition

Answer 11

cell to cell recognition is still directly touching but with membrane-bound cell surface molecules signals can move one way or both

Question 12

long distance signaling happens in what types of cells

Answer 12

plants and animals

Question 13

endocrine signaling is

Answer 13

a type of long distance signaling and only in animals and in the endocrine system

Question 14

the chemical messenger in the endocrine system

Answer 14

chemical messenger

Question 15

how does the endocrine signaling work

Answer 15

specialized cells release hormones

hormones travel via the circulatory system (transported wherever the hormones are going)

hormones will then reach target cells,recognize/ and respond to the hormones.

Question 16

target cells are

Answer 16

The certain cell a signaling molecule has to go to

Question 17

hormones vary wildely

Answer 17

in size and type (structure determine function)

example of hormones
ethylene

Question 18

hormones vary wildely

Answer 18

in size and type (structure determine function)

example of hormones
ethylene
insulin
steroids

Question 19

what are the 3 stages of cell signaling

Answer 19

reception
transduction
response

Question 20

how does the plasmodesmata pass stuff through their cells

Answer 20

when signaling substances dissolve in the cytosol it can pass freely between cells

Question 21

another type of cell signaling (secretion)

Answer 21

when cells secrete messenger molecules that regulates close by it would influence cells in the vicinity

Question 22

growth factor

Answer 22

a local regulator that stimulates nearby target cells to grow and divide

Question 23

can numerous cells receive and send a response at the same time

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

paracrine signaling

Answer 24

secretion of signaling molecules to nearby cells (affects the growth factor).the growth factor then takes place

Question 25

synaptic signaling

Answer 25

an electrical signaling moving along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of neurotransmitter molecules carrying a chemical signal.These molecules diffuse across the synapse triggering a response in the target cell

Question 26

hormones are chemicals in

Answer 26

both plant and animal cells specifically for long distance signaling

Question 27

3 major types of receptors

Answer 27

1. g-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) 2. receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) 3.Ion channel receptor

Question 28

G-protein

Answer 28

a protein that binds the energy rich molecule GTP (which is like ATP but instead of Adenosine its Guanosine)

Question 29

reception steps

Answer 29

1.target cell detects the signaling molecule from outside of cell 2.when cells receptor binds to signalling molecule,the chemical signal is detected

Question 30

reception can also happen in the

Answer 30

cell near the nucleus

Question 31

the receptor proteins allow

Answer 31

the cell to detect the signaling and respond to it

Question 32

the signaling is like a lock and key how

Answer 32

the signaling protein is complementary in shape to a specific site on the receptor and attached there

Question 32

the signaling is like a lock and key how

Answer 32

the signaling protein is complementary in shape to a specific site on the receptor and attached there

Question 33

ligand

Answer 33

a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule. a signaling molecule acts like a ligand

Question 34

ligand binding causes

Answer 34

a receptor protein to change shape.

Question 35

shape change usually

Answer 35

directly activates the receptor to interact with other cellular molecules

Question 36

most signaling receptors are

Answer 36

plasma membrane proteins

Question 37

ligands are ______ and ______ which means

Answer 37

water soluble/large, the ligands are water soluble but its to large for it to move through the plasma membrane

Question 38

where is the GPCR found and what does it work with

Answer 38

its found on the cell surface transmembrane and works with the help of the G-protein

Question 39

what is GPCR used for

Answer 39

yeast mating factors epinephrine NTs Hormones embryonic development ( there sensory receptions)

Question 40

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) contains what that differentiates it from other surface receptors

Answer 40

it has natural enzymatic activity

Question 41

kinase

Answer 41

enzyme that catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups

Question 42

where are the receptors of RTK placed

Answer 42

part of the receptor extends into the cytoplasm

Question 43

the receptor functions as

Answer 43

trrosine kinase

Question 44

the tyrosine kinase function is

Answer 44

it catalyzed transfer of phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine on a substrate protein

Question 45

a single RTK can

Answer 45

activate 10+ different transduction pathways

Question 46

the RTK finally activates once

Answer 46

the signaling molecule attaches

Question 47

ligand-gated ion channel

Answer 47

is a membrane receptor with a region that can act as a gate for ions when the receptor assumes a certain shape

Question 48

when a signaling molecule binds as a ligand to the ion channel receptor protein what happens

Answer 48

the gates opens or closes,allowing or blocking the diffusion of specific ions such as Na+ or Ca+,through a channel in the portien

Question 49

the gate in the ligand area receptor will

Answer 49

change chape