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AP Biology > Cellular Energetics (Unit 3) > Flashcards

Cellular Energetics (Unit 3) Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A chemical agent that speeds up reactions without being consumed

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2
Q

What is the structure of an enzyme

A

Tertiary structure
Can be charged made of polar amino acids (R group)

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3
Q

Endergonic

A

Endothermic and non spontaneous G>0

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4
Q

Exergonic

A

Exothermic and spontaneous G<0

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5
Q

What does induced fit mean?

A

Chemical groups of active site mold to catalyze substrate

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6
Q

How can an active site lower the activation energy?

A
  • Orienting substrate properly
  • Straining substrate bonds
  • Favorable microenvironment
  • Covalently bonding
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7
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Loss of conformational shape - typically not reversible

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8
Q

What is a prosthetic group?

A

A permanent non-protein enzyme helper

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9
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

A temporary non-protein enzyme helper

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10
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A organic non-protein enzyme helper

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11
Q

Describe competitive inhibition

A

Binding to active site and competing with substrate

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12
Q

Describe non competitive inhibition

A

Binding to the allosteric site, causing shape change, making active site less effective

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13
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions in an organism

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14
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

Releases energy by BREAKING DOWN complex molecules into simpler compounds
ex Cellular respiration

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15
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

Consumes energy to BUILD molecules
ex. Dehydration synthesis of amino acids to build a protein

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16
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The stud of how energy flows through living organisms

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17
Q

What is spontaneous process?

A

Happens without energy input, increases the entropy of the universe

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18
Q

What are paired reactions?

A

One reaction feeding the energy requirements of another reaction
The entropy of an organism goes down, but the entropy of the universe goes up

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19
Q

Are cells at equilibrium? Why?

A

No. They are open systems with constant flow of energy and materials

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20
Q

How do cells manage energy resources?

A

Energy coupling ( use of exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction) - mediated by ATP

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21
Q

How is energy from ATP released?

A

When the terminal phosphate bond is broken by hydrolysis

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22
Q

How does ATP drive endergonic reactions?

A

By phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule (the phosphorylated intermediate)

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23
Q

How does a cell regulate metabolic pathways?

A

By switching on/off genes that ecode specific enzymes or regulation enzyme activity

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24
Q

What is allosteric regulation?

A

Occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one end, affeting the function at another site (inhibits of stimulates the enzymes activity)

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25
What is cooperactivity?
A form of allosteric regulation that amplifies enzyme activity
26
What is feedback inhibition?
The end product of a metabolic pathway shutting down the pathway
27
What happens in light dependant reactions
The chloroplasts trap solar energy and transform the energy to the reducing power of NADPH and the chemical energy of ATP
28
What happens in light independant reactions?
The energy of ATP and NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to synthesize glucose
29
What is chemiosmosis?
Energy store in a concentration gradient is used to generate ATP
30
What are autotrophs
Automatic feeder ( make their own food)
31
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that obtain organic material from other organisms
32
What is a stack of thylakoids called?
Granum (plural = grana)
33
What is the space inside a thylakoid called?
Lumen
34
Where are chloroplasts found?
Mostly in the cells of the mesohpyll (interior leaf tissue)
35
Are guard cells photsynthetic?
Yes. They need glucose to power their cells to open/close
36
What is reduced in photosynthesis?
CO2 ------> C6H12O2 (gains e-)
37
What is oxidized in photosynthesis?
H2O2 -------> 6O2
38
NADPH and ATP have major what power?
Reducing power so they give away e-
39
What are photosynthetic pigments?
They abosrb visible light ex leaves are green because chlorophyll reflects green light
40
What happens when a pigment absorbs light?
it goes from a ground state to an excited (unstable) state When the electron falls back to its ground state, photos are given off (afterglow/floresence)
41
Describe a photosystem
A photosystem consists of a reaction center complex (where chlorpohyll are found) surrounded by light harvesting complexes
42
What is/does a light harvesting complex do?
Pigment molecules bound to proteins They transfer energy of photons to the reaction center
43
What does a primary electron acceptor do?
Accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result
44
Where does the light reaction occur?
In the thylakoids
45
What happens in the light reaction?
- Splits H2O - releases O2 - reduces the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH - Generates ATP from ADP by phosphorylation
46
What does the proton pump do?
Pumps H+ into the thylakoid lumen, building up a concentration gradient
47
What does the concentration gradient do?
Flows out (passive transport) by moving through the transmembrane protein which spins and creates ATP
48
How is NADPH produced?
e- from photosystem 2 replaces e- photosystem 1 gave to carrier proteins, and the energy goes to producing NADPH
49
What is the reaction center chlorophyll of ps1?
P700
50
What is the reaction center chlorophyll of ps2?
P680
51
What is the calvin benson cycle?
The light independent reaction that occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts It reduces CO2 to Glucose
52
What happens in the first phase of the calvin benson cycle?
Carbon Fixation Carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as G3P
53
What is the second phase of the calvin benson cycle?
Reduction e- is gained by reducing a G3P (powered by oxidizing ATP)
54
What is the third phase of the calvin benson cycle?
Regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RUBP)
55
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Requires a complete metabolic pathway by which electrons are transferred by high energy glucose to low energy O2 Energy is released a resynthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi
56
What is anaerobic cellular respiration?
Consumes thins other than O2 ex fermentation
57
What is fermentation?
The partial degradation of sugars without O2 It uses substrate level phosphorylation instead of ETC to generate ATP
58
What is oxidized and what is reduced in cellular respiration?
Glucose is oxidized, O2 is reduced
59
What is Nad+'s function?
Electron acceptor, but acts like an oxidizing agent during C.R
60
What happens in the first stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis - In cytosol - Breaks glucose down into two molecules of pyruvate or pyruvic acid
61
What happens in the second stage of cellular respiration?
Citric Acid Cycle (kerbs cycle) - in Mitochondria - Completes glucose breakdown
62
What happens in the third stage of cellular respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation - in inner membrane of Mitochondria - Most of ATP synthase (from e- transport chain and chemiosmosis)
63
Describe the krebs cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing pyruvate. generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 2 CO2
64
Describe oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondria transfer energy from chemical energy to ATP Protons are pumped to inner membrane space and drive ATP synthase as they diffuse back to mitochondrial matrix
65
How do NADH and FADH2 relate to the electron transport chain in cellular respiration/
These electron carriers donate electrons to the ETC which powers ATP synthase via oxidative phosphorylation
66
What is the inner mitochondrial membrane called?
Cristae
67
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
Oxygen
68
What is proton motive force?
H+ gradient (capacity to do work)
69
What is the energy flow in cellular respiration?
Glucose -> NADH -> ETC -> Proton Motive Force
70
What type of fermentation doesnt release CO2?
Lactic acid fermentation
71
What are obligate Anaerobes?
They carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
72
What are facultative anaerobes?
Organisms that can survive by doing either type of cellular respiration ex yeast

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