Cellular Geography

Question 1

What are the 7 Characteristics of life?

Answer 1

1. Organisms are complex and organized
2. Living organisms can take energy from he environment and change it from one form to another
3. Organisms are homeostatic - internal body and structures are regulated within parameters
4. Living things respond to stimuli
5. Living things reproduce themselves by making exact copies of themselves
6. Organisms grow and develop
7. Life adapts

Question 2

What are the 3 points to cell theory?

Answer 2

1. All living organisms are composed of cells or are cells
2. Cells are functional units of life
3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells by a process of division

Question 3

How do you study cells biochemically?

Answer 3

Blend whole cells and put them through a centrifuge separating heavy and light components

Question 4

What is a cell?

Answer 4

Simplest collection of matter which has all the properties of life

Question 5

What are the 2 basic kinds of cells?

Answer 5

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

Question 6

What does prokaryote mean?

Answer 6

Before nucleus

Question 7

Where do prokaryotes keep their genetic info?

Answer 7

In the nuclei (genetic information area)

-lacking membrane to be called a nucleus

Question 8

What are the visible components of the prokaryote?

Answer 8

Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Pili
Flagella
Mesosomes
Photosynthetic membranes

Question 9

What is the order of the outside layers of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 9

plasma membrane
cell wall (for shape)
capsule (gooey material on the outside)

Question 10

What is one micron?

Answer 10

1000th of a mm

Question 11

What does Eukaryote mean?

Answer 11

True nucleus

Question 12

What are the 4 categories of eukaryotes ?

Answer 12

Protista
Fungi
Planta
Animalia

Question 13

What are the visible components of a eukaryotic cells?

Answer 13

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosomes
organells
endomembrane system
cytoskeleton
cell wall
cell matrix
flagella

Question 14

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 14

Proteins making up and supporting the matrix

Question 15

What is the cell matrix?

Answer 15

Area outside of the cell

Question 16

What features to plant cells have that animal cells do not?

Answer 16

1. Cell wall for strength
2. Central Vacuole
3. Chloroplasts
4. Plasmodesmata: pore so that cells can connect and support each other

Question 17

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 17

Material between the plasma membrane (cell membrane) and the nuclear envelope
-gel like consistency

Question 18

What is the cytoplasm composed of?

Answer 18

80% water
Nucleic acids
Protein
Lipid
Carbs
Pigments

Question 19

What is the smallest organelle?

Answer 19

Ribosomes

Question 20

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 20

Protein and rRNA

Question 21

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 21

The 2 subunits carry out protein synthesis

Question 22

What does the rough Endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 22

Covered in ribosomes and make components destined for the cell membrane

Question 23

What does the smooth Endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 23

Has a lot of enzymes present and detoxifies drugs

Question 24

What is the endomembrane system?

Answer 24

All internal membranes within the cell

Question 25

What are the membranes included in the endomembrane system?

Answer 25

``` Plasma Nuclear ER membrane Vesicles Lysosomes GA Vacuoles ```

Question 26

What makes a plasma membrane a bilayer?

Answer 26

Only if it has associated proteins on it

Question 27

What are examples of cells with none, 1 and 2 nuclei

Answer 27

Red blood cells (extra room to carry O2) Fungal cells Muscle Cells (faster innervation for faster reflex)

Question 28

What happens then a compound is finished at the ER?

Answer 28

It is packaged and sent to the GA to finish it

Question 29

What are lysosomes?

Answer 29

Membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules -only work within a certain pH

Question 30

What are vacuoles?

Answer 30

Membrane bound sacs with 3 functions: - Food vacuoles (arise from phagocytosis) - Contractile vacuoles (pupo excess water out via osmosis) - Central vacuoles (in plant cells)

Question 31

What is the name of the membrane surrounding the central vacuole?

Answer 31

Tonoplast | -selective membrane

Question 32

What are some of the functions of the central vacuole?

Answer 32

- Stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions - Depositing metabolic byproducts - Storing pigments - Storing defensive compounds against herbivores

Question 33

80% of which organelle takes up a plant cell?

Answer 33

Central Vacuole

Question 34

What is mitochondrial role?

Answer 34

Site of cellular respiration generating ATP from the catabolism of sugars and fats and other fuels in the presence of O2

Question 35

What is the chloroplasts role?

Answer 35

Site of photosynthesis using light and CO2 to build sucrose

Question 36

What are the folds called in the mitochondria?

Answer 36

Cristae

Question 37

Do chloroplasts have a double membrane?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

Which organelles are autonomous?

Answer 38

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts because they are not under the control of the nucleus

Question 39

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 39

Network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm - shape maintained via protein elements to give the cell shape - organizes activités of he cell

Question 40

Can the cytoskeleton be reorganized ?

Answer 40

Yes, cell can take them apart and rearrange them

Question 41

How do organelles move around the cell?

Answer 41

On the microtubule tracks

Question 42

What are cilia?

Answer 42

Beating arms of a cells to help it move | -large amount on the cell

Question 43

What are flagella?

Answer 43

Undulatory movement, like a whip for movement

Question 44

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

Answer 44

In plant cells (and other) actin-myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations drive cytoplasmic streaming

Question 45

Which is thicker, plant cell wall or plasma membrane?

Answer 45

Cell wall is thicker

Question 46

What is the cell wall made of?

Answer 46

Cellulose fibres | Pectin (glue between cells)

Question 47

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 47

Pores connecting cells and help in communication | -virus can take advantage of this

Question 48

What are the 3 ways in which cells can connect together?

Answer 48

1. Anchoring 2. Tight Junctions 3. Gap Junctions