Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
(22 cards)
Anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy
Catabolism
the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
Exergonic Reactions
exergonic reactions are reactions where the change (releases) in free energy is negative.
Endergoinc Reactions
a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and an additional driving force is needed to perform this reaction.
ATP
energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes
ADP
play important roles in providing cellular energy. When the cell needs to perform work, it removes a phosphate from ATP, releasing energy. This leaves ADP and a free phosphate left over.
AMP
one of the components of RNA and also the organic component of the energy-carrying molecule ATP. In certain vital metabolic processes, AMP combines with inorganic phosphate to form ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and then ATP
Hydrolysis
any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water ruptures one or more chemical bonds
ATP Synthase
an enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), forming it from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is: ADP + Pi + 3H+out ⇌ ATP + H2O + 3H. +in.
Cellular Respiration
a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then release waste products
Phosphorylation
plays critical roles in the regulation of many cellular processes including cell cycle, growth, apoptosis and signal transduction pathways
Oxidative Phosphorylation
the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy of molecular oxygen, which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate. takes place in the mitochondria
Glucose
secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas - used for energy
Glycolysis
the first pathway of cellular respiration that oxidizes glucose molecules. metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, and a H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH
Anaerobic ‘without air’
refers to the body producing energy without oxygen.
Pyruvate
It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy
Lactate
when oxygen is limited, the body temporarily converts pyruvate into a substance called lactate, which allows glucose breakdown—and thus energy production—to continue. Lactate is the ionic (electrically charged) form of lactic acid. It is produced by muscle cells, red blood cells, brain and other tissues during anaerobic energy production, that is energy production by breaking down foods without using any oxygen in the process. Lactate is usually present in low levels in the blood.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)
a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Absorptive state
the period in which the gastrointestinal tract is full and the anabolic processes exceed catabolism. The fuel used for this process is glucose.
Post-absorptive state (fast state)
occurs when the food has been digested, absorbed, and stored during this state you body must rely initially on stored glycogen
Basal Metabolic Rate
the amount of energy per unit of time that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone that moves glucose from your blood into the cells for energy and storage.
