cellular respiration Flashcards by Haina Angela

is the controlled release of energy from the breakdown of organic compounds.

cellular respiration

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these compounds are produced by autotrophs (via photosynthesis) or can be synthesized from other pre-existing molecules within the cell

organic compounds

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the main organic molecule used in cell respiration is the monomer glucose (C6H1206)

Carbohydrates

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usable carbon compounds include:

carbohydrates
triglycerides
proteins

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fats produce more energy per gram than sugars, but are harder to transport and digest

triglycerides

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not a primary source as produces nitrogenous by-products (which are toxic if not excreted)

proteins

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store energy in their chemical bonds

organic molecules

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cell respiration transfers this stored energy into

coenzymes

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two type of coenzymes

ATP
Hydrogen carriers

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immediately available energy source
(energy is released for use when it is hydrolyzed to ADP)

ATP

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transitional energy source
(carries high energy electrons and protons for transfer)

hydrogen carriers

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can be directly produced directly from organic molecules via substrate level phosphorylation or it can be indirectly synthesized by hydrogen carriers (need O2) via oxidative phosphorylation

ATP`

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types of cell respiration

anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration

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partial breakdown of glucose
oxygen is NOT required for a small ATP yield
occurs entirely in the CYTOSOL
involves GLYCOLSIS AND FERMENTATION
Products: LACTIC ACID/ ETHANOL +CO2

Anaerobic respiration

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complete breakdown of glucose
oxygen is REQUIRED for a large ATP yield
occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA
involves glycolysis, krebs cycle and ETC
Products: Carbon dioxide and water

Aerobic respiration

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involved the partial breakdown of carbohydrates (glucose) in the absence of oxygen

anaerobic respiration

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anaerobic respiration occurs in the —- and results in a low yield of ATP (net production = 2 ATP)

cytosol

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involves glycolysis and fermentation

anaerobic respiration

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both anaerobic and aerobic respiration begins with the breakdown of glucose in the cytosol via ——

glycolysis

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glycolysis splits glucose into two molecules of —— that consumes two molecules of ATP

pyruvate

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four molecules of ATP are produced via substrate level phosphorylation, resulting in a ——

net gain of two ATP molecules

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coenzymes NAD is loaded with hydrogen to form molecules of —-

NADH

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involves the conversion of pyruvate via a reaction that unloads hydrogen carriers to restore stocks of NAD

Fermentation

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In plants and yeasts, pyruvate is irreversibly converted into ——–

ethanol and carbon dioxide

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In animals, pyruvate is converted into

lactid acid

fermentation is reversible in ----

animals

fermentation is irreversible in ----

plants or yeast

lactic acid can be converted back into pyruvate when exercise is over and the pyruvate can then be digested aerobically to make ----------

ATP ( via oxidative phosphorylation

completes the breakdown of glucose begun by glycolysis this process requires oxygen and occurs within the mitochondrion

aerobic respiration

aerobic respiration occurs via two distinct reactions:

krebs cycle electron transport chain

pyruvate is broken down to make carbon dioxide and large amounts of hydrogen carriers

krebs cycle

hydrogen carriers are unloaded to produce ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)

electron transport chain

is an organelle in eukaryotic cells that is responsible for aerobic respiration

mitochondrion

mitochondrion is believed to have evolved via --

endosymbiosis

what is endosymbiosis

when an aerobic bacterium was engulfed by another prokaryotic cell

endosymbiotic origin includes the fact that the mitochondrion possesses --------

circular DNA

The central region of the structure in mitochondrion is called -------

the matrix

the location of the krebs cycle

the matrix

mitochondria contain an ----------- that is highly folded into -----------

inner membrane, cristae

are the site of the electron transport chain

cristae

small space to quickly accumulate protons

intermembrane space

contains ETC and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation

inner membrane

appropriate enzymes and suitable pH for krebs cycle

matrix

highly folded to raise SA:VOL ratio

cristae

contains transport proteins

outer membrane

pyruvate from glycolysis is transported into the mitochondrion and converted into ----

acetyl coA

it is then completely broken down via a series of reactions collectively called the ---

krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

the breakdown of one pyruvate produces ---------- as well as --------

three carbon dioxide molecules, one ATP

as glucose produce two pyruvate molecules, the kreb cycle will produce --------

6 x CO2 molecules and 2 x ATP per glucose

it will also result in the mass production of large quantities of ----

hydrogen carriers (mainly NADH)

these hydrogen carriers are unloaded via ----

the electron transport chain

(formed in glycolysis and the krebs cycle) are unloaded to release protons and electrons

hydrogen carriers

high energy electrons move through an ---- which syphons this energy to synthesize ATP

electron transport chain

the de-energized electrons are taken up by -------- which combines with the protons to form -----------

oxygen , water

this methos of ATP production is known as ------ as it requires the unloading of hydrogen

oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport chain can only continue to unload hydrogen carriers if ------------ to accept the de-energized electrons

oxygen is present

aerobic respiration will not occur in the absence of

oxygen

hydrogen carriers produced by one molecule of glucose will result in the production of -----

26 molecules of ATP

if oxygen is unavailable the hydrogen carriers can be unloaded ------ via fermentation

anaerobically

aerobic respiration has much higher ---------- than anaerobic respiration

ATP yield

aerobic stages:

glycolysis krebs cycle electron transport

glycose - pyruvate substrate level: 2 ATP

Glycolysis

pyruvate - CO2 substrate level: 2 ATP

krebs cycle

oxygen - water Oxidative: 26 ATP

electron transport

this pyruvate is converted within the cytosol into either lactic acid (animals) or ethanol and carbon dioxide ( plants and yeast)

anaerobic respiration

this pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide ad water within the mitochondrion

aerobic respiration

requires oxygen to proceed and produces a large yield of ATP

aerobic respiration

what are the ATP yield of aerobic cell respiration

glycolysis 2xATP krebs cycle 2xATP Electron Transport Chain 26xATP

what is the ATP yield in anaerobic fermentation

glycolysis 2xATP

are energy source produced from the anaerobic fermentation of biomass

biofuels

are a renewable resource and are typically associated with a lower carbon footprint

biofuels

biomass is typically produced via------ which uses CO2 as an input

photosynthesis

has historically been produced from agricultural feedstocks (edible crops)

biomass

it has been used as a source of biomass

algae

is a common biofuel that can be used to supplement or replace traditional fossil fuels in fuel tanks

bioethanol

the rate of respiration can be measured by

consumption of inputs (glucose and oxygen) or the formation of product (carbon dioxide)

does not use oxygen

anaerobic respiration

is only produced as a by-product of yeast or plant fermentation

carbon dioxide

factors that affect aerobic respiration

temperature glucose concentration oxygen availability

cell respiration is catalyzed by a variety of --- is therefore impacted by ambient temperatures

enzymes

if the temperature is too low the activation threshold

cannot be reached

as temperature increases reaction rate will also ------ as more ------- results in more frequent enzyme-substrate collisions

increase, kinetic energy

at optimal temperatures, activity will peak, as ---------- will denature the enzymes involved in the cell respiration

higher temperature

is the initial substrate for both pathways of respiration (aerobic and anaerobic)

glucose

higher glucose levels will result in ----------

increased frequency of collisions with glycolytic enzymes

above certain glucose level, the rate of respiration will

plateau

increasing oxygen levels will result in higher rates in

aerobic respiration

is needed to maintain the functioning of the electron transport chain

oxygen

higher oxygen concentrations will ----------- to a certain point

increase the rate of respiration

on condition that will increase the rate of cellular respiration is

exercise