Cellular respiration Flashcards Preview

LS 11 - Life Sciences > Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Flashcards in Cellular respiration Deck (36)
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1
Q

Energy

A

That which is required to do work

2
Q

Energy is required by organisms to do…

A
  • growth
  • cell division
  • digestion
  • movement
  • transport substances in the body
  • active transport against concentration gradients
3
Q

The primary source of energy for life on earth

A

The sun

4
Q

ATP

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate
  • energy carrier molecule for cells
5
Q

Raw materials needed for cellular respiration

A
  • Glucose
  • Oxygen
6
Q

Products of cellular respiration

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • Energy (ATP formed)
7
Q

Equation for the process of cellular respiration

A
8
Q

Place where cellular respiration occurs in most cells

A

Mitochondria

9
Q

The inner folds of the mitochondria

A

Cristae

10
Q

The jelly like substance inside the mitochondria

A

matrix

11
Q

Reason for the inner folded cristae of a mitochondrion

A
  • Increase surface area
  • So that more reactions that take place on this surface can occur
12
Q

Two types of cellular respiration

A
  • Aerobic (requires oxygen)
  • Anaerobic (does not require oxygen)
13
Q

Three phases of aerobic respiration

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
14
Q

Where glycolysis occurs

A

In the cytoplasm just outsside the mitochondrion

15
Q

What occurs during glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose broken down
  • Two pyruvic acid molecules formed
  • Energy rich H-atoms released
  • Small amount of ATP formed
16
Q

What carries the energy rich H-atoms during aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Coenzymes (hydrogen carriers)

17
Q

Where the Krebs cycle occurs

A

Inside the mitochondrion

18
Q

What occurs during the Krebs cycle

A
  • Pyruvic acid is broken down in the presence of oxygen
  • Energy rich H-atoms are released
  • Carbon dioxide is formed
19
Q

Where oxidative phosphorylation occurs

A

On the inner folds of the cristae

20
Q

What occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • Energy rich H-atoms are carried to a hydrogen transfer system by coenzymes
  • Eah time they are passed to the next hydrogen acceptor energy is released
  • The energy is used to form ATP
  • Oxygen is the final hydrogen acceptor, forming water.
21
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • Respiration in the absense of oxygen
  • Only glycolysis occurs
  • Only a small amount of energy is released
22
Q

Anaerobic respiration in the muscles (lactic acid fermentation)

A
  • During vigorous exercise
  • Not enough oxygen present in the muscles
  • Only glycolysis takes place
  • Pyruvic acid is formed
  • Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
23
Q

What happens to lactic acid in the muscles?

A
  • It is toxic and leads to muscle stiffness and pain
  • Oxygen is needed to convert to pyruvic acid
  • Moderate exercise and stretching with deep breathing helps muscle stiffness
  • With enough oxygen, aerobic respiration takes place and pyruvic acid enters the Kerbs cycle
24
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The need for oxygen to get rid of lactic acid which accumulates in the cells

25
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A
  • Only glycolysis occurs
  • Pyruvic acid forms when glucose broken down
  • Small amount of energy released
  • Pyruvic acid is broken down forming carbon dioxide and ethanol (alcohol)
26
Q

The microbe used mainly for anaerobic respiration in beer, wine and bread making

A
  • Yeast cells
  • (A type of fungi)
27
Q

The microbe used to produce cheese, yogurt and some sour dough breads

A

Certain strains of bacteria

28
Q

Four beer ingredients

A
  • barley
  • water
  • hops
  • yeast
29
Q

Process of making beer

A
  • Barley germinated then dried and chopped to form malted barley
  • Malted barley mixed with water to dissolve sugars
  • The liquid, called wort, is collected
  • Hops are added (bitterness and flavour) and boiled
  • Yeast is added and the mixture ferments
  • The carbon dioxide give the beer bubbles and ethanol is formed
  • The yeast cells sink to the bottom and the beer is cooled, filtered and bottled
30
Q

The process of making wine

A
  • Grapes are pressed
  • Pulp (must) is forms which starts to naturally ferment
  • Fermentation is continued with added yeast in vats
  • The sugar is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • The wine is filtered and then further fermented
  • Stored in vats or barrels to age before being bottled
31
Q

The process of baking bread

A
  • Flour, water, salt and yeast are mixed
  • The yeast feeds on the flour and forms ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • The dough rises as the gluten in the dough forms bubbles of carbon dioxide
  • The bread is baked and the ethanol evaporates and the yeast is killed.
32
Q

The process of making cheese

A
  • Lactic acid bacteria are added to milk
  • The acid produced causes the milk to curdle
  • Rennin is added to further clump the milk
  • The whey is removed and the curds are compressed
  • The cheese is allowed to age
33
Q

Similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A
  • Glucose is broken down
  • Carbon dioxidde is released
  • Energy is released
34
Q

How aerobic respiration is different from anaerobic?

A
  • It occurs with oxygen
  • Products are carbon dioxide and water
  • A much larger amount of energy is produced
  • Takes also takes place inside the mitochondrion
35
Q

How anaerobic respiration is different from aerobic?

A
  • It occurs without oxygen
  • Products are lacic acid or carbon dioxide and ethanol
  • Only a small amount of energy released
  • Only takes place in the cytoplasm
36
Q
A