Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Overall equation for glucose catabolism. What is reduced and what is oxidized? Free energy?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
G = -686 kcal/mol
What are electron carriers? What are the 2 main carriers?
molecules that are temporarily reduced to transfer e- from one process to another
NAD+ is reduced to NADH
FAD is reduced to FADH2
These have reducing power
Overall, what does Cellular Respiration produce
30-32 ATP
8 NAD+
2 FAD
CO2 and H2O
What does Glycolysis produce?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate
Describe Glycolysis steps.
2 ATP give one phosphate to glucose for destabilization which is then split into 2 3-Carbon molecules with one phosphate each
Both 3-Carbon molecules are oxidized and another phosphate is attached. The e- are used to reduce NAD+ to make NADH
Phosphate become transferred to ADP to create 4 ATP by phosphorylation
2 3-Carbon molecules remain are called pyruvate
What does pyruvate oxidation produce?
4 ATP, 2 NADH
Describe Pyruvate Oxidation steps.
Pyruvate enters mitochondria with presence of O2 by a transport protein
Carboxylic acid is removed to release CO2
2-Carbon compound is oxidized to from acetate, transferring e- to NAD+ to make NADH
Coenzyme A covalently bonds to acetate to make Acetyl CoA
What does the Citric Acid (Kreb’s) Cycle make?
2 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
Describe Citric Acid Cycle.
the removal of high potential energy from Acetyl CoA to make CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2
An eight step pathway
What does Oxidative Phosphorylation produce?
26-28 ATP
Describe Oxidative Phosphorylation Step 1.
Electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH2 oxidation generate energy to synthesize ATP
e- are contributed to complexes of proteins, each is more EN-
as each e- is transferred, energy is released to pump protons
NADH donates e- while FADH2 donates further down
Oxidized e- carriers return to citric acid cycle
e- are finally accepted by O2 for reduction to H2O
Describe Oxidative Phosphorylation Step 2.
Generation of ATP by pumping protons to create an electrochemical gradient
ATP Synthase (motor) provides return path for protons
energy released makes ATP
What does fermentation produce?
Lactic Acid, Ethanol, CO2, and 2 NAD+
Describe Alcohol fermenation.
Carried out by Bacteria and Yeast
pyruvate is converted to CO2 and Acetaldehyde that’s reduced by NADH to make ethanol and NAD+
Describe Lactic Acid Fermentation
Carried out by Bacteria, Fungi, and some animals
pyruvate is reduced by NADH to make lactic acid and NAD+
