Final Review: Basic Concepts Flashcards
What does RNA Polymerase do during transcription of of a gene?
Incorporates new ribonucleotides at the 3’ end
What does the ribosome catalyze during mRNA translation?
the polymerization of amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain
How do tRNAs enter relative to the direction of mRNA
antiparallel: as mRNA moves from left to right (5’-3’) the tRNAs are moved from right to left
What is a true breeding generation?
Homozygous dominant or recessive alleles
Where does fermentation occur?
cytosol
Where are the high-energy electrons stored in glucose to be used to reduce NAD+ located?
Matrix of the mitochondria, oxidation of Acetyl-CoA
Where in the mitochondria is the lowest pH?
inter-membrane space of mitochondria where H+ concentration is highest
Where is the electron transport chain located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
What types of bonds are most easily disrupted by water?
ionic bonds
Why is there a high occurrence of the sickle cell allele in Africa?
Malaria parasite does not easily infect heterozygotes
What does DNA polymerase require before replication?
a free 3’-OH of a single strand
What organelles are a part of the end-membrane system?
nuclear membrane, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, endoscopes, vesicles, plasma membrane
When two atoms have similar electronegativity, they will interact to form…
non polar covalent bonds
What parts of the amino acid chain interact with others?
C-O and N-H for the backbone
Why is the genetic code degenerate?
some amino acids correspond to more than one codon
