Cellular respiration Flashcards by Yuri Diaz

_________within a cell involves many chemical reactions where electrons are
transferred from one chemical to another during.

Energy production

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_______-loss of electrons in a chemical reaction

Oxidation

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_______-gain of electrons in a chemical reaction

Reduction

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In reduction reactions:
Because these reactions usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called
__________

redox reactions.

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In reduction reactions:
Example: Catabolism of glucose involves transfer of electrons to oxygen
producing water and carbon dioxide.
§ As the reducing agent (C6H12O6) 3)_____________________ electrons,
the 4)_______________ agent (O2) accepts electrons.

3) loses

4) Oxidizing

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In reduction reactions:
_________ - enzymes that catalyze redox reactions.
§ Most of these enzymes require small molecules (coenzymes) that are able
to accept and carry the electrons (electron carriers

Dehydrogenases and oxidases

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What does Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) get reduce to form?

NADH

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What does Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) get reduced to form?

FADH_2

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_______-a series of metabolic pathways that extracts energy from the bonds in
glucose and uses this energy to synthesize 5)____________

Cellular respiration

5) ATP

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What are the to main types of cellular respiration?

Aerobic respiration

and Anaerobic respiration

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What type of cellular respiration is this?
______-requires oxygen and involves the
mitochondria producing a large amount of ATP.

Aerobic respiration

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Within Aerobic respiration there is a sequence of four pathways that yeilds about 30 ATP per glucose what they? (in order!!)

Glycolysis
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

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What type of cellular respiration is this?
______-does not require oxygen or
mitochondria but produces much less ATP

Anaerobic respiration

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With the Anaerobic respiration there is a sequence of two pathways that yields 2 ATP per glucose what are they? (in order!!!)

Glycolysis

2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

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______-catabolic pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules occurs
in the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis

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In glycolysis is oxygen (anaerobic) require?

No is not require

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In glycolysis a six-carbon molecule is broken down into ______ three-carbon molecules

two

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Glycolysis store energy as :

Two molecules of 9)______ and two molecules of 10)____________

9) ATP

10) NADH(electron carries)

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What is the first step of Glycolysis?

Hexokinase catalyzes a phosphorylation reaction where a phosphate group is
transferred from ATP to glucose producing Glucose-6-phosphate.

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What is the second step of Glycolysis?

Phosphoglucose isomerase catalyzses an isomerization reaction that reorganizes the
atoms of glucose-6-phosphate producing Fructose-6-phosphate.

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What is the third step of Glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase uses an ATP to activate fructose-6-phosphate by
phosphorylation producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

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What is the fourth step of Glycolysis?

Fructose bisphosphate aldolase produces two 3 carbon molecules dihydroxyacetone
diphosphate (DHAP) & glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

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What is the 5 step of Glycolysis?

Triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP into another G3P.
o Steps 6-10 occur twice per glucose because two molecules of G3P are produced
from each glucose.

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What is the 6 step of Glycoslysis

In step six the enzyme Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase catalyzes
the oxidation of G3P and reduction of NAD to produce 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-
BPG) and a high energy NADH molecule.

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What is the 7 step of Glycolysis?

Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate from 1,3-BPG to ADP producing one ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG).

What is the 8 step of Glycolysis?

Phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the isomerization reaction that converts 3-PG into 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG).

What is the 9 step of Glycolysis

Enolase converts 2-PG into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) releasing a molecule of water.

What is the 10 step of Glysolysis?

Pyruvate kinase transfers a phosphate group from PEP to ADP producing a molecule of ATP and pyruvic acid.

What is the summary of Glycolysis?

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+→ 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

The Fate of pyruvate: In anaerobic conditions pyruvate enters 12)__________ Fermentation: the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase oxidizes NADH and reduces pyruvate forming lactate. o Produces 2 ATP per glucose (less efficient that aerobic respiration)

12)Lactic Acid Fermentation

The Fate of pyruvate: In aerobic conditions pyruvate enters the mitochondria where the 13)________________ performs oxidation of pyruvate releasing one carbon as CO2 and transferring the other two carbons onto the sulfur atom of Coenzyme-A (CoA) forming the molecule 14)___________ that will enter the citric acid cycle next. o 1NAD+ is reduced to NADH for each pyruvate oxidized.

13) CO_2 | 14) Acetyl CoA

______-Metabolic pathway that occurs in the matrix of the | mitochondria and converts the two carbons of acetyl-coA into two Co_2 molecules.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

How does the Citric Acid Cycle Harvest the energy as?

3 NADH per Acetyl-CoA or 6 NADH per glucose | o 1 FADH2 per Acetyl-CoA or 2 FADH2 per glucose

What is the first Step of the Citric Acid Cycle

Citrate synthase combines acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon citrate molecule.

What is the second step of the citirc Acid Cycle?

Aconitase converts citrate into isocitrate

What is the 3 step of the citirc Acid Cycle?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase converts isocitrate into the five-carbon α-ketoglutarate releasing a molecule of CO2 and forming a high energy NADH.

What is the 4 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase- converts α-ketoglutarate into the four-carbon succinyl CoA releasing a molecule of CO2 and forming a high energy NADH.

What is the 5 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

Succinyl CoA dehydrogenase- converts succinyl CoA into succinate and forms the high-energy molecule GTP, which transfers its energy to ADP to produce ATP.

What is the 6 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

Succinate dehydrogenase- converts succinate into fumarate, forming a high energy molecule of FADH2.

What is the 7 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

Fumarase- converts fumarate into malate.

What is the 8 step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

Malate dehydrogenase- converts malate into oxaloacetate while reducing NAD+ to NADH. Oxaloacetate is then ready to start the cycle again with another acetyl CoA.

What is the summary of the Citric Acid Cycle?

Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD → 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH2

In Summary of citric Acid Cycle: | ______-provide the energy that fuels oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2

In Summary of citric Acid Cycle Two GTP (similar to ATP) are also produced during the citric acid cycle but they are canceled out by two ATP used to transport the ________ produced during glycolysis into the mitochondria to be used for oxidative phosphorylation.

NADH

The reactant of Glycolysis and PDC is: Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 4 NAD+→ the product?

Product is: | 2 CO2 + 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 ATP + 4 NADH

The reactant of the Summary of Citric Acid Cycle is: | 2 Acetyl CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD → What is the Product?

4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

The Overall Summary for Glycolysis, PDC, and Citric Acid Cycle is : Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 10 NAD+ + 2 FAD→ What is the product

6 CO_2 +2 ATP+10 NADH+2 FADH_2

_______-a metabolic pathway that uses oxygen to release the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 producing H2O and a large amount of ATP. • Requires oxygen and occurs at the inner mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative Phosphorylation

What are the two major parts of the phosphorylation ?

Electron transport Chain (ECT) | and Chemiosomes

In the first part of the Electron transport chain (ETC): Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down a chain of protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane of the ________

mitochondria.

In the first part of the Electron transport chain (ETC): Electrons fall to lower energy levels as they are passed down the chain (releases energy) and this energy is used to drive the active transport of H+ (protons) out of the __________ across the inner membrane.

mitochondrial matrix

In the first part of the Electron transport chain (ETC): Oxygen is the final electron acceptor that binds to 2 _____ to form water

H+

What is the first Complex of the ETC?

``` Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase)- oxidizes NADH and reduces ubiquinone forming NAD+ and ubiquinol. • 4 H+ are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. ```

What is the second Complex of the ETC?

``` Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)- oxidizes FADH2 and reduces ubiquinone forming NAD+ and ubiquinol ```

What is the third Complex of the ETC?

``` Complex III (ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase)- oxidizes ubiquinol to form ubiquinone and reduces cytochrome-C. • Pumps 4 H+ out of the mitochondrial matrix. ```

What is the fourth Complex of the ETC?

Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)- oxidizes cytochrome-C as oxygen (O2) is reduced and combines with 4 H+ forming 2 H2O. • 4 H+ are also pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix.

Summary of the ETC: * 10 H+ pumped out of the mitochondria for each ______ * 6 H+ pumped out of the mitochondria for each _______

* NADH oxidized | * FADH2 oxidized.

What is the first part of the oxidative phosphorylation called?

Electron transport

What is the second part of the oxidative phosphorylation called

Chemiosmosis "chemical diffusion"

In the second part Chemiosmosis: The energy released by electrons moving down the chain is used to pump H+ from the _______ to the intermembrane space.

matrix

In the second part Chemiosmosis: | This creates a _____gradient (potential energy).

proton "(H+) hydrogen ion"

In the second part Chemiosmosis: This gradient is a force (the proton (H+) (motive force) that drives protons back into the ________

mitochondrial matrix.

In the second part Chemiosmosis: As protons enter the mitochondria this kinetic energy is converted to chemical potential energy by the enzyme _________ that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP: ADP + Pi → ATP

ATP synthase

Overall Maximum of _____ATP Produced by Cellular Respiration of Glucose It is unlikely that most cells actually achieve this theoretical maximum. Efficiency varies from cell to cell and depends on a number of factors.

30-36

In a Overall Maximum of 30-36 ATP Produced by Cellular Respiration of Glucose *The proton motive force also provides the energy for an active transport mechanism that moves ADP + Pi into the ___________ and ATP out of the mitochondria.

mitochondria

In a Overall Maximum of 30-36 ATP Produced by Cellular Respiration of Glucose *H+ can also leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane further decreasing the efficiency of _______

oxidative phosphorylation.

_______-synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates. | • Can start with glycerol, lactic acid or various amino acids.

Gluconeogenesis

_______-breakdown of proteins releasing amino acids.

Protein Catabolism

______-in the liver nitrogen containing amine group is removed from amino acids producing the waste product ammonia (NH3).

Demination

Carbon skeletons produced by deamination of amino acids can be used for gluconeogenesis or enter the _______

citric acid cycle.

_______-the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Lipolysis

Part of the Lipolysis ______-is converted into glyceraldehyde phosphate a glycolysis intermediate that can enter into the citric acid cycle or be used for gluconeogenesis.

The glycerol

Part of the Lipolysis _______-acids enter b-oxidation- enzymes in the mitochondria catabolize fatty acids producing Acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle.

Fatty Acids enter B-oxidation

________-production of ketone bodies from acetyl CoA that occurs when acetyl CoA production exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle to process it.

Ketogenesis

______-ketones are converted to acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid cycle.

Ketone oxidation

Cellular respiration Flashcards

(75 cards)