Metabolism

Question 1

_______- Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

Metabolism:
________- a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate molecule or molecules, step-by-step, through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding a final product or products.

Answer 2

Metabolic pathway

Question 3

What are the two major types of metabolic pathways?

Answer 3

Anabolic pathways

catabolic pathways

Question 4

What type of metabolic pathway is this?
______- small molecules assemble into large ones. o Energy is required. o Examples: Photosynthesis (plants), DNA replication, transcription, translation.

Answer 4

Anabolic pathways

Question 5

What type of metabolic pathway is this?
_________- large molecules break into small ones. o Energy is released. o Example: Glucose catabolism C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 673 kcal

Answer 5

Catabolic pathways

Question 6

_______- potential to do work or heat on object

Answer 6

Energy

Question 7

______- amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of H2O 1 °C

Answer 7

calorie

Question 8

What is the first law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 8

Energy may transfer from place to place or transform into different forms, but energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 9

What is the second law of Thermodynamics

Answer 9

Energy transfer or transformation always increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe.

Question 10

_______- is the energy transfer from a chemical reaction that is available to do work

Answer 10

Gibb’s Free Energy

Question 11

_______- products have less free energy than the reactants, because they gave off some free energy during the reaction.
* These reactions form catabolic pathways.

Answer 11

Exergonic reaction

Question 12

______- nonspontaneous reactions that require energy input to produce products have more free energy than the reactants. § These reactions form anabolic pathways

Answer 12

Endergonic reaction

Question 13

How humans obtain energy:…..

The sun is the ultimate source of the energy that powers ________

Answer 13

life

Question 14

How humans obtain energy:…..
Plants perform photosynthesis converting solar energy to chemical energy stored in ________ between atoms in organic molecules

Answer 14

Covalent bonds

Question 15

How humans obtain energy:…..

Humans and other animals obtain energy by eating food that contains ________

Answer 15

organic molecules

Question 16

_________ of organic molecules releases energy that a can be used for work.

Answer 16

Catabolism

Question 17

When glucose is broken down some of the energy released can be used to drive the following anabolic reaction: ADP + Pi → ______

Answer 17

ATP

Question 18

_______- is an organelle that contains the enzyme

Answer 18

Mitochondria

Question 19

_______-that produces large amounts of ATP at the end of a metabolic pathway known as aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 19

ATP synthase

Question 20

Aerobic cellular respiration requires 14)_________(a molecule that composes about 21% of the gas in the atmosphere) and
produces the waste 15)________ (the air you breathe out has more of this gas than the air that you breathe in).

Answer 20

14) O_2

15) CO_2

Question 21

Energy stored in ATP will be used by the cell for ______.

Answer 21

biological work

Question 22

Many enzymes perform hydrolysis of ATP (producing _______) and use the energy. released for biological work:

Answer 22

ADP + Pi

Question 23

Synthesis of macromolecule polymers.
* Example: _______ is the small organelle composed of rRNA and protein that use ATP to fuel protein synthesis (translation).

Answer 23

Ribosome

Question 24

Active transport of chemicals in and out of cells.

*Example: ____________ use ATP to transport sodium out of the cytoplasm and potassium into the cytoplasm.

Answer 24

Sodium potassium pump

NA+/K pump

Question 25

Contraction of muscles. § Example: _______ is a motor protein found in muscle cells that uses ATP.

Answer 25

Myosin

Question 26

What is an Enzyme?

Answer 26

Biological catalyst

Question 27

Enzyme are.....

Answer 27

* Enzyme is very selective- it catalyzes specific reactions reaction * They recognizes a specific substrate * They can function over and over again (can be reused)

Question 28

How an enzyme works?

Answer 28

Each enzyme binds a specific reactant molecule (substrate) at its active site. • Enzymes function as catalysts: lowering Activation energy for a chemical reaction. • After the reactants are converted, the products are released and the enzyme remains unchanged. • Enzyme + Substrate → Enzyme-substrate complex→ Product + Enzyme

Question 29

Factors Affecting Enzymes Activity: 1. Temperature Increase in temperature, 20) ____increases or decreases ___ the rate of enzymatic reactions by increasing kinetic energy of molecules o However, at a point the rate will drop off sharply due to 21)________________ of the enzyme at high temperatures.

Answer 29

20) Increase | 21) Denaturation

Question 30

``` Factors Affecting Enzymes Activity: 2. pH enzymes work best at an optimal pH. o If the environment is more acidic or basic the rate of enzymatic activity will 22) ____increases or decreases___ ```

Answer 30

Decrease

Question 31

Factors Affecting Enzymes Activity: 3.Concentration Concentration o Increase in substrate or enzyme concentration 23) ____-increases or decreases ___ the reaction rate. § At some substrate concentration, the active sites on all enzymes are engaged and the reaction rate does not change with a further_______ in substrate concentration.

Answer 31

Increases * increase

Question 32

_______-can inhibit an enzyme regulate a metabolic pathway.

Answer 32

Enzyme Inhibitors

Question 33

________-inhibitor binds to the active site, as a | substrate impostor that blocks the active site prevent the substrate from binding.

Answer 33

Competitive inhibition

Question 34

________-inhibitor binds at a different site (allosteric), | changing the shape of the enzyme’s active site.

Answer 34

Non competitive