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patho > Cellular Response, Inflammation And Repair > Flashcards

Cellular Response, Inflammation And Repair Flashcards

1
Q

First manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells

A

Cellular swelling

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2
Q

It is the increase in the size of cells due to increased functional demand

A

Hypertrophy

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3
Q

What type of cellular response occurs in a gravid uterus and muscle of body builders?

A

Hypertrophy

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4
Q

It is the increase in number of cells that is due to growth factor driven proliferation or new output from stem cells

A

Hyperplasia

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5
Q

What type of cell response occurs when pubertal breast changes and liver regeneration happens?

A

Hyperplasia

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6
Q

It is the decreased cell size and number due to decreased protein synthesis in the context of decreased workload, denervation, ischemia and malnutrition

A

Atrophy

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7
Q

Most common cause of columnar-squamous metaplasia

A

Vitamin A deficiency

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8
Q

Seen in cells dependent on fat metabolism with appearance of cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles

A

Fatty change

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9
Q

Cell size in necrosis

A

Enlarged

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10
Q

Necrosis and apoptosis:

Which has a physiologic and pathologic role?

A

Necrosis- pathologic

Apoptosis- often physiologic

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11
Q

Unregulated form of cell death

A

Necrosis

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12
Q

Nuclear change that involves decreased basophilia of chromatin

A

Karyolysis

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13
Q

Nuclear change that involves nuclear shrinkage with increased basophilia

A

Pyknosis

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14
Q

Nuclear change that involves fragmentation of pyknotic nucleus

A

Karyorrhexis

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15
Q

Type of necrosis where organ architecture is preserved and happens when there is ischemia of organs

A

Coagulative necrosis

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16
Q

Acidophilic tombstone necrosis

A

Coagulative

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17
Q

Necrosis that involves digestion of dead cells resulting in its transformation into a liquid viscous mass

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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18
Q

Ischemic coagulative necrosis of the limbs

A

Gangrenous necrosis

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19
Q

Gangrene superimposed with bacterial infection

A

Wet gangrene

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20
Q

Cheese like necrosis
Architecture not preserved
Tuberculous infections

A

Caseous necrosis

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21
Q

Necrosis where fatty acids from triglycerides breakdown, combine with Ca and form soaps

A

Fat necrosis

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22
Q

Necrosis seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels

A

Fibrinoid

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23
Q

Cystein proteases that cleave proteins for apoptosis

A

Caspases

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24
Q

Initiator caspases

A

Intrinsic- 9

Extrinsic - 8 and 10

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25
Q

Executioner caspases

A

3 and 6

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26
Q

Regulated cell death that results in necrosis that is caspase independent

A

Necroptosis

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27
Q

Necroptosis in microbe infected cells

A

Pyroptosis

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28
Q

Caspases involved in pyroptosis

A

1 and 11

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29
Q

Plasma cells actively producing Ig

A

Russell bodies

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30
Q

Intracellular accumulation that results in a homogeneous, glassy pink appearance that is not specific

A

Hyaline change

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31
Q

Process that occurs when a cell eats its own contents

A

Autophagy

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32
Q

Marker for autophagy

A

LC3

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33
Q

Wear and tear pigment
Sign of lipid peroxidation
Lipids and phospholipids in complex with proteins

A

Lipofuschin

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34
Q

Psammoma bodies are seen in

A 
Prolactinoma
Papillary thyroid
Serous cystadenoma
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
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35
Q

Proteins that respond to food deprivation and DNA damage

If increased, produced substances prolong longevity

A

Sirtuins

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36
Q

Cellular receptors for microbes

A

Toll like receptors

37
Q

Components of acute inflammation

A

Dilation of small vessels
Increased microvascular permeability
Emigration of leukocytes and their activation

38
Q

Most notable mediator that produces vasodilation

A

Histamine

39
Q

Recruitment of leukocytes steps

A 
Margination
Rolling- L selectin
Adhesion- integrin
Transmigration 
Migration
40
Q

Transmigration/Diapedesis adhesion molecules

A

CD31

PECAM 1

41
Q

Movement of leukocytes toward the site of injury influenced by a chemical stimulus

A

Chemotaxis

42
Q

Main infoltrate for pseudomonas infection

A

PMNs for several days

43
Q

Extrudes DNA into extracellular space, release mesh and engulf microbes

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)

44
Q

Inflammatory mediator
Increased vascular permeability
Chemotaxis
Leukocyte adhesion and activation

A

Leukotrienes

45
Q

Inflammatory mediator
Smooth muscle contraction
Vasodilation
Pain

A

Kinins

46
Q

Inflammatory mediator
Leukocyte chemotaxis and activation
Direct target killing
Vasodilation- mast cell activation

A

Complement

47
Q

Vasoconstrictor amine from platelet and neuroendocrine cells

A

Serotonin

48
Q

Eicosanoids for vasodilation

A

PGI2
PGE 1 and 2
PGD 2

49
Q

Eicosanoid for vasoconstriction

A

TXA2

Leukotrienes C, D, E4

50
Q

Proteins that mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions

A

Cytokines

51
Q

Small proteins that act primarily as chemoattractants

A

Chemokines

52
Q

Cytokine that stimulate adhesion molecule expression and secretion and other cytokines

A

TNF

53
Q

Cytokine similar in TNF

Greater role in fever

A

IL-1

54
Q

Cytokine in acute inflammation involved in recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes

A

IL-17

55
Q

Cytokine in chronic inflammation used in activation of macrophages

A

IFN- y

56
Q

Complement component that complexes with Ig-Ag complex (classical)

Activated by mannose binding lectin complexed with bacterial surface CHO (lectin pathway

A

C1

57
Q

Most abundant component of complement system

A

C3

58
Q

Late components of complement system

A

C6-C9

59
Q

Promote histamine release from mast cells

Anaphylatoxins

A

C3a
C4a
C5a

60
Q

Hereditary angioedema is due to deficient

A

C1 inhibitor

61
Q

Due to deficiency in Decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

62
Q

Deficiency in late components can place a person susceptible to

A

Neisseria infections

63
Q

Inflammatory mediator that has vasoconstricting properties in high concentration and histamine like effects in low concentration

A

Platelet activating factor

64
Q

Inflammatory mediator involved in pain

A

Bradykinin

Substance P

65
Q

CD4 subtype that releases IFN y for macrophage activation

A

TH1

66
Q

CD4 subtype involved in eosinophil recruitment and macrophage activation

A

TH2

67
Q

TH2 releases which cytokines

A

IL 4, 5, 13

68
Q

CD4 subtype that releases IL-17 for recruitment of PMNs

A

TH17

69
Q

Diseases with granulomatous inflammation

A 
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Syphilis
Cat scratch
Sarcoidosis 
Crohn's disease
70
Q

Cytokine involved in increased synthesis of CRP, fibrinogen and serum amyloid A

A

IL-6

71
Q

Angiogenesis is mediated by this growth factor

A

VEGF

72
Q

Hallmark of repair

A

Formation of granulation tissue

73
Q

Central cells in repair

A

Macrophages

74
Q

Most important cytokine for synthesis and deposition of connective tissue

A

TGF -beta

75
Q

Most common sites of edema

A

Subcutaneous tissue
Lungs
Brain

76
Q

Acute or Chonic congestion?

Liver: centrilobular region red brown contrasted with a tan surface and centrilobular hemorrhage

A

Chronic

77
Q

Liver description in chronic hemorrhage is called

A

Nutmeg liver

78
Q

Deficiency in gpIIb-IIIa complex in platelet aggregation can result to this disease

A

Glanzmann thrombasthenia

79
Q

Bernard-Soulier syndrome is due to deficiency of

A

Gp1b for platelet adhesion

80
Q

Virchow triad

A

Endothelial injury
Abnormal blood flow
Hypercoagulability

81
Q

Most common genetic abnormality that predisposes to thrombosis

A

Factor V Leiden

82
Q

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is characterized by recurrent thrombosis due to antibody mediated interference with trophoblastic differentiation due to antiphospholipid antibodies. What antibodies are implicated?

A

Anti cardiolipin

Lupus anticoagulant

83
Q

Most common form of embolism

A

Pulmonary

84
Q

Most common source of pulmonary embolism

A

Dee venous thrombosis

85
Q

Most common source of sytemic thrombo embolism

A

Mural thrombi

86
Q

Chronic form of air embolism

Ischemia of femoral head, tibia, humerus

A

Caisson disease

87
Q

Most common cause of infarction

A

Arterial thrombosis or embolism

88
Q

Type of infarct seen in solid organs and those with end arterial circulation

A

White infarct

89
Q

Type of infarct seen in venous occlusion, dual blood supply organs, loose spongy tissues

A

Red infarct

patho (11 decks)

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