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patho > Lung and Pleura > Flashcards

Lung and Pleura Flashcards

1
Q

Type of pulmonary edema:
Imbalance of starling forces in pulmonary circulation
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure
Transudate
Hemosiderin laden macrophages
Thickening of alveolar wall

A

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema

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2
Q

Most common causes of acute lung injury

A

Sepsis
Diffuse pulmonary infections
Gastric aspiration

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3
Q

What phase of ARDS?
Day 0-7
Alveolar edema, neutrophilic infiltrates, hyaline membranes
Usually mech vent dependent

A

Exudative

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4
Q

What phase of ARDS?
Day 7-21
Lymphocytic infiltrates, type 2 pneumocyte proliferation
Clinical improvement

A

Proliferative

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5
Q

What phase of ARDS?
>21 days
Alveolar duct and interstitial fibrosis
Long term O2 support

A

Fibrotic

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6
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive lung disease

A

Normal to increased

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7
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive lung disease

A

Decreased (<0.7)

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8
Q

COPD
Irreversible destruction of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles
Due to smoking, a1 antitrypsin deficiency
Centriacinar fibrosis

A

Emphysema

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9
Q

COPD
Cough with sputum for at least 3 months for at least 2 consecutive years
Smoking, particles from dust etc
Hyperemia, swelling and edema of mucous membranes
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Squamous metaplasia

A

Chronic bronchitis

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10
Q

Emphysema type that is due to antiprotease deficiency

Involves respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

A

Panacinar emphysema

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11
Q

Most common type of emphysema
Involves respiratory bronchiole
Due to smoking
Inflammation and increase in proteases

A

Centriacinar

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12
Q

Chronic disorder of the conducting airways, usually caused by an immunologic reaction, marked by episodic bronchoconstriction due to increased airway sensitivity to a variety of stimuli, inflammation of bronchial walls and increased mucus secretion

A

Bronchial asthma

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13
Q

Whorls of shed epithelium in status asthmaticus

A

Curschmann spirals

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14
Q

Eosinophilic crystals in asthma

A

Charcot-Leyden crystals

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15
Q

Destruction of smooth muscle and elastic tissue by chronic necrotizing infections leading to permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles

A

Bronchiectasis

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16
Q

Bronchiectasis associated conditions

A 
Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)
Recurrent infection
Bronchial obstruction
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17
Q

Dilated airways filled with mucopurulent secretions
Acute and chronic inflammatory exudates within the walls of bronchi and bronchioles
Squamous metaplasia

Fibrosis in chronic

A

Bronchiectasis

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18
Q

Patchy interstitial fibrosis with varying age
Honeycomb fibrosis
Fibroblastic focus

A

Usual interstitial pneumonia

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19
Q

Non neoplastic lung reaction to inhalation of mineral dusts encountered in the workplace

A

Pneumoconiosis

20
Q

What mineral dust is involved:

Coal mining

A

Coal dust

21
Q

What mineral dust is involved:

Metal casting work, sandblasting, hard rock mining, stone cutting

A

Silica

22
Q

What mineral dust is involved:

Mining, milling, manufacturing, and installation and removal of insulation

A

Asbestos

23
Q

Innocuous

Inhaled carbon pigments in alveolar macrophages

A

Anthracosis

24
Q

Coal macules and nodules that contain carbon laden macrophages

A

Simple coal workers pneumoconiosis

25
Q

Most common form implicated in silicosis is due to

A

Quartz and cement dust

26
Q

Increased susceptibility to tuberculosis
Fine nodularities in upper lung zones
Eggshell calcification in lymph nodes

A

Silicosis

27
Q

Localized fibrous plaques
Recurrent pleural effusions
Lung CA
Mesothelioma

A

Asbestos

28
Q

Systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology
Noncaseating granulomas
Common organs affected: lymph node, lungs, spleen
Epitheloid giant cells

A

Sarcoidosis

29
Q

Medial hypertrophy of pulmonary muscular and elastic arteries
Pulmonary arterial atherosclerosis
RVH

A

Pulmonary hypertension

30
Q

Most common cause of CAP

A

S. pneumoniae

31
Q

Most common bacterial cause of acute exacerbations of COPD

A

H.influenzae

M. catarrhalis

32
Q

Cause of post viral pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, pneumonia in IV drug users, HCAP

A

S.aureus

33
Q

Most common cause of gram negative bacterial pneumonia
Chronic alcoholics
Currant jelly sputum

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

34
Q

Pneumonia in immunocompromised, HCAP

Propensity to invade blood vessels

A

P. aeruginosa

35
Q

Pneumonia that flourishes in artificial aquatic environment

A

Legionella

36
Q

Common cause of pneumonia in children and young adults

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

37
Q

Local suppurative process that produces necrosis of lung tissue
Suppurative destruction of parenchyma within the central area of cavitation

A

Lung abscess

38
Q

Most common type of Lung CA in never smokers

A

AdenoCA

39
Q

Butterflies on a fence appearance

A

Bronchoalveolar CA

40
Q 
Associated with tobacco smoke lung CA
Males
Hypercalcemia
Squamous dysplasia
P53 mutations
A

Squamous Lung CA

41
Q

Highest smoking association with Lung CA
SIADH, Cushing
RB gene loss

A

Small cell lung CA

42
Q

Keratin pearls
Abundant pink cytoplasm
Distinct cell borders

A

Squamous cell lung CA

43
Q 
Small round blue cells
Scant cytoplasm
Increased NC ratio
Nuclear molding
Azzopardi effect- basophilic staining of vascular walls
A

Small cell lung CA

44
Q

Salt and pepper nuclei

A

Neuroendocrine nature

45
Q

Light criteria

A

EXUDATE
Pleural fluid/serum protein >0.5
Pleural fluid/ serum LDH >0.6
Pleural fluid LDH more than 2/3 the normal upper limit for serum

patho (11 decks)

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