Cellular Response to Injury

Question 1

Increase in number of cells

Answer 1

Hyperplasia

Question 2

Decrease in cell size and number

Answer 2

Atrophy

Question 3

Replacement of one differentiated cell type w/ another cell type

Answer 3

Metaplasia

Question 4

Mechanism of atrophy

Answer 4

Dec CHON synthesis
Inc CHON synthesis (Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway)
Autophagy

Question 5

Causes of oxygen deprivation of cells

Answer 5

Ischemia
Cardiopulmonary failure
Dec O2 carrying capacity of blood

Question 6

Dec in ATP leads to

Answer 6

Inhibition of Na-K pump leading to cellular swelling

Question 7

Mitochondrial damage leads to

Answer 7

Leakage of pro-apoptotic CHONs

Question 8

Entry of Ca leads to

Answer 8

Inc mitochondrial permeability

Activation of multiple cellular enzymes

Question 9

Inc in ROS

Answer 9

Damage to lipids, CHONs, DNA

Question 10

Plasma membrane damage leads to

Answer 10

Loss of cellular components

Question 11

Damage to lysosomal membrane leads to

Answer 11

Enzymatic digestion of cellular components

Question 12

CHON misfolding, DNA damage leads to

Answer 12

Activation of pro-apoptotic CHONs

Question 13

Cell injury in reduced oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 13

Reversible cell injury/ hydropic changes/ vacuolar degeneration

Question 14

Transport mechanism in cell activated when cellular swelling occurs

Answer 14

Na-K ATPase

Question 15

Markers of necrosis

Answer 15

Inc eosinophilia
Myelin figures
Nuclear changes

Question 16

Basophilia of the chromatin may fade/ dissolve

Answer 16

Karyolysis

Question 17

Nuclear shrinkage and inc basophilia

Answer 17

Pyknosis

Question 18

Pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation

Answer 18

Karyorrhexis

Question 19

Necrosis d/t lack of blood supply (except brain)

Answer 19

Coagulative necrosis

Question 20

Digestion of dead cells leading to pus formation

Answer 20

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 21

Coag necrosis in the limb w/ superimposed liquefactive necrosis

Answer 21

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 22

Necrosis that leads to granuloma formation

Answer 22

Caseation necrosis

Question 23

Causes of caseation necrosis

Answer 23

PTB
Syphilis
Systemic fungal infx

Question 24

Seen in enzymatic fat necrosis; fatty acids + calcium to produce chalky white areas

Answer 24

Saponification

Question 25

Sudden trauma causes fat cell to rupture produces what kind of necrosis

Answer 25

Traumatic fat necrosis

Question 26

Electrolyte abnormality in acute pancreatitis as a result of saponification

Answer 26

HypoCa

Question 27

Necrosis involving deposition of Igs, fibrin and Abs in arterial walls (vasculitis)

Answer 27

Fibrinoid necrosis

Question 28

2 irreversible cell injuries

Answer 28

Necrosis | Apoptosis

Question 29

Irreversible cell injury that presents with cell swelling, inflammation and enzymatic digestion

Answer 29

Necrosis

Question 30

Irreversible cell injury that involves pyknosis and phagocytosis

Answer 30

Apoptosis

Question 31

Membrane-bound organelles that undergo apoptosis once completing its fx

Answer 31

Lysosomes

Question 32

Mechanism of apoptosis

Answer 32

Cell shrinkage Chromatin condensation Phagocytosis

Question 33

Marker for cells undergoing apoptosis

Answer 33

Caspases

Question 34

DNA and CHON breakdown in Apoptosis is visualized as what in electrophoresis?

Answer 34

DNA ladders

Question 35

2 mechanisms of apoptosis

Answer 35

``` Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway ```

Question 36

Cell eats its own contents

Answer 36

Autophagy

Question 37

Accumulation of TGL

Answer 37

Steatosis

Question 38

Stains for steatosis

Answer 38

Sudan IV | Oil red-O

Question 39

Organ involved when liposomes are close to the ER progressing to fatty cyst

Answer 39

Liver

Question 40

Organ presenting with tigered effect in steatosis

Answer 40

Heart

Question 41

Homogenous, glassy pink appearance on H&E

Answer 41

Hyaline change

Question 42

Reabsorption protein droplets in PCT

Answer 42

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 43

Excess of normally secreted proteins

Answer 43

Multiple myeloma

Question 44

Defective transport and secretion of proteins

Answer 44

alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

Question 45

Accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins

Answer 45

Alzheimer disease

Question 46

Aggregation of abnormal proteins

Answer 46

Amyloidosis

Question 47

What disease is associated with hyaline arteriosclerosis?

Answer 47

DM and longstanding hypertension

Question 48

Most common exogenous pigment

Answer 48

Carbon (coal dust)

Question 49

Condition wherein the lungs are blackened

Answer 49

Anthracosis

Question 50

Endogenous pigments seen in aging pts, or cachectic pts; wear-and-tear pigment

Answer 50

Lipofuscin

Question 51

endogenous pigment that is a storage form of iron

Answer 51

Hemosiderin

Question 52

Dye used to visualize hemosiderin

Answer 52

Prussian blue | converts iron to ferric ferrocyanide

Question 53

Triad of hereditary hemochromatosis

Answer 53

DM Skin pigmentation micronodular cirrhosis

Question 54

Most freq cause of acquired hemochromatosis

Answer 54

Repeated BT

Question 55

Formation of crystalline Ca phosphate; encountered in areas of NECROSIS; assoc w/ psammoma bodies

Answer 55

Dystrophic calcifications

Question 56

Tx for hemochromatosis

Answer 56

``` Phlebotomy Chelation (deferoxamine, deferasirox) ```

Question 57

Occurs in normal tissues d/t hypercalcemia

Answer 57

Metastatic calcification

Question 58

Type of lung Ca causing paraneoplastic hyperCa

Answer 58

Squamous cell CA

Question 59

Type of lung Ca causing paraneoplastic SIADH and Cushing syndrome

Answer 59

Small cell CA

Question 60

Terminally non-dividing state causing dec cellular replication in aging

Answer 60

Senescence

Question 61

Incomplete replication of chromosome ends; assoc w/ cellullar aging

Answer 61

Telomere shortening

Question 62

Increase in size of cells

Answer 62

Hypertrophy